1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
表1 试验地茶园土壤肥力状况Tab.1 Soil fertility status in experimental tea garden |
| 试验点 Site | pH | 有机质 Organic matter/(g∙kg-1) | 全氮 Total N/ (g∙kg-1) | 全磷 Total P/(g∙kg-1) | 全钾 Total K/(g∙kg-1) | 水解氮 Hydrolyzable N/(mg∙kg-1) | 速效磷 Valid P/(mg∙kg-1) | 速效钾 Valid K/(mg∙kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SN | 5.03 | 13.63 | 0.85 | 0.36 | 10.08 | 75.80 | 4.03 | 86.20 |
| 优质高产标准 | 4.5~6.0[16] | >20.0[16] | >1.0[16] | >0.6[17] | >10.0[17] | >100.0[16] | >15.0[16] | >80.0[16] |
1.2 方法
表2 化肥减施技术模式Tab. 2 Technical mode of reducing fertilizer application |
| 处理 Treatments | 基肥(10—11月) Base fertilizer (October to November) | 追肥 Topdressing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肥料类型 | 用量/(kg∙hm-2) | 肥料类型 | 春茶催芽肥/(kg∙hm-2) | 5月份用量/(kg∙hm-2) | 施用方式 | |
| CK | 无 | 0 | 无 | 0 | 0 | 无 |
| CF | 复合肥 | 1500 | 尿素 | 225 | 300 | 行间撒施 |
| T1 | 茶树专用复混肥 | 2250 | 尿素 | 150 | 225 | 沟施 |
| T2 | 控释肥 | 1200 | 尿素 | 0 | 225 | 沟施 |
| T3 | 控释肥 | 600 | 尿素 | 225 | 300 | 沟施 |
| 微生物有机肥 | 1500 | |||||
表3 试验地养分用量Tab. 3 Nutrient consumption in experimental tea garden |
| 处理 Treatments | 有机肥 Organic fertilizer/(kg∙hm-2) | 化肥 Chemical fertilitzer/(kg∙hm-2) | 化肥总量 Total chemical fertilitzer/(kg∙hm-2) | 化肥减施量 Chemical fertilitzer reduction/% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | 总减施量 | N | P | K | ||
| CK | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| CF | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 468.6 | 225.0 | 225.0 | 918.6 | ||||
| T1 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 421.5 | 112.5 | 90.0 | 624.0 | 32.1 | 10.1 | 50.0 | 60.0 |
| T2 | 0.0 | 0.0. | 0.0 | 368.4 | 96.0 | 144.0 | 608.4 | 33.8 | 21.4 | 57.3 | 36.0 |
| T3 | 37.5 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 375.6 | 48.0 | 72.0 | 495.6 | 46.0 | 19.8 | 78.7 | 68.0 |
表4 经济效益估算依据Tab. 4 Economic profit estimation basis |
| 指标 Index | 单价 Unite price |
|---|---|
| 春茶一芽二叶售价/(元∙kg-1) | 40.00 |
| 春茶一芽二叶采摘费/(元∙kg-1) | 20.00 |
| 夏、秋茶机采茶售价/(元∙kg-1) | 2.00 |
| 夏、秋茶机采茶人工费(包油)/(元∙kg-1) | 0.50 |
| 基肥开沟劳务费/(元∙hm-2) | 1500.00 |
| 追肥开沟劳务费/(元∙hm-2) | 1125.00 |
| 尿素/(元∙t-1) | 2500.00 |
| 控释肥/(元∙t-1) | 4250.00 |
| 微生物有机肥/(元∙t-1) | 3300.00 |
| 茶叶专用复混肥/(元∙t-1) | 2000.00 |
| 3个15复合肥/(元∙t-1) | 3750.00 |
| 其他成本(含管理费)/(元∙hm-2) | 7500.00 |
1.3 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 发芽密度和一芽二叶百芽干重
图1 5个处理的春、夏、秋季发芽密度(A)和一芽二叶百芽干重(B)图柱上同一季节不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig. 1 Budding density (A) and dry weight per 100 buds (B) for five treatments in spring, summer and autumn Different lowercase letters on the bar of the same season indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). |
2.2 鲜叶、干茶产量与机采鲜叶机械组成
图2 5个处理的春、夏、秋季茶鲜叶产量(A)、鲜叶非水分含量(B)和干茶叶产量(C)图柱上同一季节不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig. 2 Yield of fresh tea leaves (A), non water content of fresh tea leaves (B) and yield of dry tea leaves (C) from five treatments in spring, summer and autumn Different lowercase letters on the bar of the same season indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). |
表5 5个处理的夏秋机采茶每100 g鲜叶机械组成Tab. 5 Mechanical composition per 100 g fresh leaves from machine picked tea from five treatments in summer and autumn g |
| 茶季 Tea season | 处理 Treatments | 独芽 Bud | 一芽一叶 A bud and a leaf | 一芽二叶 A bud and two leaves | 一芽三叶 A bud and three leaves | 其他 Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 夏茶 | CK | 1.1±0.1a | 1.5±0.1a | 7.3±0.7b | 7.9±0.7c | 82.2±7.9a |
| CF | 1.2±0.1a | 2.7±0.2a | 11.9±1.0a | 16.5±1.6ab | 67.7±6.2b | |
| T1 | 1.5±0.1a | 4.5±0.3a | 11.7±1.0a | 13.7±1.2b | 68.6±6.5b | |
| T2 | 1.6±0.1a | 1.8±0.1a | 10.3±0.9a | 19.4±1.8a | 66.9±6.3b | |
| T3 | 1.8±0.1a | 2.5±0.2a | 9.8±0.9a | 13.3±1.2b | 72.6±6.9b | |
| 秋茶 | CK | 0.8±0.1a | 1.2±0.1c | 10.6±0.9a | 10.3±1.0c | 77.1±7.1a |
| CF | 0.6±0.1a | 1.8±0.1bc | 7.1±0.6c | 12.2±1.1bc | 78.3±7.4a | |
| T1 | 0.8±0.1a | 2.1±0.2b | 8.4±0.7b | 17.8±1.6a | 70.9±6.2b | |
| T2 | 0.9±0.1a | 2.4±0.2b | 7.3±0.6c | 12.4±1.1bc | 77.0±7.1a | |
| T3 | 1.2±0.1a | 4.6±0.4a | 9.3±0.8ab | 14.7±1.3ab | 70.2±6.3b |
注:同列同一季节不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column of the same season indicate significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.3 生化成分差异
图3 5个处理的春、夏、秋季一芽二叶干茶水分含量(A)、水浸出物(B)、茶多酚含量(C)、游离氨基酸含量(D)、咖啡碱含量(E)和酚氨比(F)图柱上同一季节不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig. 3 Water content (A), water extracts (B), tea polyphenols content (C), free amino acids content (D), caffeine content (E), and tea polyphenols to free amino acids (F) of one bud and two dry leaves from five treatments in spring, summer and autumn Different lowercase letters on the bar of the same season indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). |
2.4 5个处理对新梢全氮、磷、钾素积累量的影响
图4 5个处理的春、夏、秋季新梢全氮(A)、磷(B)、钾(C)含量图柱上同一季节不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig. 4 Total N (A), P (B) and K (C) content of fresh shoots for five treatments in spring, summer and autumn Different lowercase letters on the bar of the same season indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). |
2.5 5个处理对新梢年均氮、磷、钾素吸收量及其表观回收率、农学效率、农学生理效率的影响
表6 5个处理的新梢年氮、磷、钾素吸收量及其利用率Tab. 6 Annual N, P and K uptake amount and utilization efficiency in new shoots under five treatments |
| 指标 Index | 处理Treatments | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | CF | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
| N吸收量/(kg∙hm-2) | 74.3±7.1c | 118.0±10.9b | 139.8±12.8a | 138.5±13.1a | 142.5±13.9a | |
| N表观回收率/% | 0.0 | 9.3±0.8c | 15.5±1.4b | 17.4±1.6ab | 18.1±1.8a | |
| N农学效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 2.0±0.2c | 3.2±0.3b | 4.0±0.3ab | 4.4±0.4a | |
| N农学生理效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 21.8±1.9a | 20.6±1.9a | 22.9±2.0a | 24.4±2.2a | |
| P吸收量/(kg∙hm-2) | 6.5±0.5c | 10.2±0.9b | 12.0±1.1a | 11.3±1.0ab | 12.0±1.0a | |
| P表观回收率/% | 0.0 | 3.8±0.3c | 11.1±1.1b | 11.6±1.1b | 26.2±2.3a | |
| P农学效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 9.7±0.9c | 27.5±2.5b | 35.1±3.2b | 79.4±7.2a | |
| P农学生理效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 258.5±24.8b | 247.4±24.3b | 303.5±29.7a | 302.6±28.6a | |
| K吸收量/(kg∙hm-2) | 36.1±3.1b | 56.5±4.9a | 58.0±5.2a | 57.0±5.4a | 63.5±5.9a | |
| K表观回收率/% | 0.0 | 10.9±0.9d | 29.3±2.6b | 17.4±1.5c | 45.7±3.8a | |
| K农学效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 5.1±0.4d | 18.1±1.7b | 12.3±1.0c | 27.8±2.6a | |
| K农学生理效率/(kg∙kg-1) | 0.0 | 47.0±4.1c | 61.8±5.8b | 70.6±6.3a | 60.8±5.7b | |
注:同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.6 不同处理的经济效益分析
表7 5个处理的茶园年经济效益 |
| 处理 Treatments | 产值 The output value | 成本Cost | 纯收入 Net income | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 春茶 | 夏茶 | 秋茶 | 全年 | 劳动力 | 肥料 | ||
| CK | 7.20±0.51c | 1.00±0.11c | 0.12±0.01d | 8.32±0.78c | 4.63±0.41c | 0.00 | 3.69±0.34c |
| CF | 10.23±0.96b | 1.41±0.12b | 0.20±0.01c | 11.84±1.01b | 6.26±0.59b | 0.70±0.05a | 4.88±0.41b |
| T1 | 13.05±1.31a | 1.71±0.15a | 0.29±0.02b | 15.05±1.32a | 8.15±0.78a | 0.54±0.04b | 6.36±0.57a |
| T2 | 12.88±1.12a | 1.56±0.12ab | 0.32±0.03b | 14.76±1.41a | 7.92±0.72a | 0.57±0.03b | 6.27±0.56a |
| T3 | 13.30±1.29a | 1.78±0.13a | 0.40±0.05a | 15.48±1.46a | 8.33±0.67a | 0.75±0.06a | 6.40±0.59a |
注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference (P<0.05). |
