The cytological characteristics of microspores in Chinese flowering cabbage at different developmental periods were studied to reveal the relationship between microspore development and buds morphology, which would provide evidences for the culturing of anthers and microspores. The results showed that the microspore developed in tetrad, early- or mid-uninucleate, late-uninucleate and binucleate stages obviously. The microspore development showed correlativity with the morphological characteristics of buds and anthers. The buds 3.05-3.39 mm in height, the calyx 3.25-3.46 mm in length, the petal 2.10-2.33 mm in length, the ratio of flap to calyx 0.63-0.71, the anther 2.57-2.89 mm in length, and the ratio of flap 0.77-0.85 were discovered to contain microspores at the late uninucleate. These were suitable for the identification of optimal sampling period of flower buds in different materials. At the late uninucleate stage, it was necessary that the anthers should be covered by the sepal, the anthers slightly longer than petals, and the flower bud was full, the petals and anthers showed pale yellow. Therefore, we can judge the development stage of Chinese flowering cabbage microspore by morphological characteristics of flower organs so as to define the standard of bud selection in correspondence with the optimal stage of anthers culture.

The article reviewed the researches on the characteristics and utilization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in recent years in detail. Basic physical and chemical properties of spent mushroom substrate were introduced, and compared with the traditional substrate materials, the advantages and disadvantages of its application in cultivation were also analyzed. Research progress on the application of spent mushroom substrate in the cultivation of horticultural crops, Chinese herbs and mushroom were present, at the same time, the role and mechanism of spent mushroom substrate in improving soil were also mentioned. Finally, the problems still existed in the utilization of fungal residue matrix were mentioned and suggestions were given in order to provide a reliable and in-depth theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of mushroom residue.

The major soil types of Hainan Island may be divided into the following seven orders and twenty great groups.(1) The order of ferrallitic soil contains the great groups of 1aterite (latosol) ,1ateritic soil, 1ateritic red soil and yellow soil,(2) The order of semi-eluvial soil contains the great groups of dfy red soil and limestone red soil (terrarossa).(3) The order of initially developed soil contains the great groups of purple soil (purplish soil), b1ack limestone soil (rendzina or rendizine) ，volcanic ash soil, new alluvial soil, coastal sandy soil, young soil, lithosol (litho-soil) and skeleton soil,(4) The order of semi-bydromorphic soil contains the great igroups of Chao soil and mountain scrubby-meadow soil.(5) The order of hydromorphic soil contains the great groups of bog soil and peat soil.(6) The order of alkali-saline soil only . contains the great group of solonchak.(7) The order of anthropic soil (man-made soil) only contains. the great group of paddy soil (rice paddy soil).The geographical distribution, the profile morphology, and the physical and chemical properties of these major soil types are exp1ained briefly.

Agarwood is a highly valuable product which can be used in fragrances and as traditional medicines, and its supply from wild sources is far less than market demand. The fact of over-harvesting the wild tree of Aquilaria and agarwood formation occuring naturally for ten or hundred years, agarwood has led to the depletion of wild trees. The artificial agarwood-induction technology becomes an inevitable course. The paper reviewed the advances in mechanism，artificial agarwood-induction technology and the chemical constituents produced by different artificial garwood-induction technology to provide scientific basis for efficient artificial agarwood-induction.

Quantitative detection is a crucial technique for investigating the geochemical processes of ferric ion (Fe). However, due to the ubiquity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in environmental medium, the combination of Fe with DOM may affect the determination of Fe in solution. Therefore, the effect of DOM between atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and colorimetry for Fe determination was tested. Precision of AAS was as good as colorimetry, both of them were less than 5%. However, AAS was more accurate with a recovery rate of 86.4%-97.8% and its detection limit was as low as 0.012 mg/L. DOM had a significant effect on colorimetry. The presence of DOM increased testing time and relative standard deviation of 11.5 h, 1.2%-22.2%, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy was also decreased by 28.3%-44.4%. As the concentration of DOM increasing, the accuracy was decreased in the tendency of exponential function, and the trend of the veracity fitted well with unary quadratic model. Moreover, the effect of DOM was greater with the decreasing concentration of iron. On the contrary, the presence of DOM had no significant influence on AAS. The results of EEMs and FTIR indicated that existed hydrogen bonding or π-π interaction occurred between DOM and Fe/phen that affected the interaction of Fe and colorimetry in a drive to influence the testing results.

Suitable detection methods to accurately and efficiently detect the soil exchange aluminum content were found. The differences, precision, accuracy and applicability of the exchange-neutralization titration of potassium chloride method, the aluminum reagent method and the chromoxane cyanine R method were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the three methods. However, the precision of Chromoxane cyanine R method was better than that of the exchange-neutralization titration of potassium chloride method and the aluminum reagent method, and the average recovery rate of the wool-chromium-green R method was 99.28%, with a higher accuracy than the other two methods. The linear range of the chromoxane cyanine R method was 0 to 0.32 mg/L, and the linear range of the corresponding absorbent value was 0 to 0.778. The linear range of the aluminum reagent method was 0 to 0.8 mg/L, and the corresponding absorbent value range was 0.006 to 0.157. Compared with the aluminum reagent method, the linear range of chromoxane cyanine R method was smaller than that of the aluminum reagent method, but its absorbent value range was larger than that of the aluminum reagent method. The color rendering agent of the chromoxane cyanine R method was far from the absorption peak of the color rendering substance, the background interference was small, and the method sensitivity was higher. The average time of a single sample was 4.2 min, the detection efficiency was higher than that of the other two methods, and the operation was simple and the applicability was higher. Therefore, the chromoxane cyanine R method was recommended for the determination of soil exchange aluminum.

In order to identify and evaluate the leaf anatomical characteristics of tea germplasm resources in Wuyi Mountain tea region, the leaves of 70 Wuyi Mingcong tea germplasms were used as the materials for the comparative analysis of the anatomical structures and characteristics. There was abundant genetic variability in the 17 anatomical structure traits of the leaves of the 70 Wuyi Mingcong, with an average genetic diversity index of 1.85 and an average coefficient of variation of 17.64%. Strong stress resistance was found for all the germplasms. The mean value of the average membership function of drought resistance, disease and insect resistance and the average score of the cold resistance was 0.40, 0.39 and 1.28, respectively. Most of them were suited for making Oolong tea or green tea, while a few were suited for making black tea or both black and green tea. The average productivity index was 2648.85, indicating a higher potential productivity. The cluster analysis based on the anatomical structure traits of leaves showed that the 70 Wuyi Mingcong were divided into three groups. In addition to the thickness of upper and lower epidermis cuticle, the thickness ratio of upper epidermis to sponge tissue and the crystal number of calcium oxalate, other anatomical structure traits showed significantly or extremely significant difference among the three groups. The principal component analysis showed that the characteristic value of the former four principal components were bigger than one and represented 84.26% of the information of 17 anatomical structure traits of leaves. The composite scores of each Wuyi Mingcong were calculated based on the principal component and their corresponding characteristic value. The top ten Wuyi Mingcong had excellent comprehensive characters, which could be used in the development and innovative utilization of Oolong tea products, the selection and breeding of excellent tea varieties. The results were expected to provide references for the identification and utilization of local excellent tea germplasm resources and the breeding of new varieties in Wuyi Mountain.

Based on genome-wide sequencing results, the development of genome-wide sequencing of 13 tropical plants including banana (Musa spp.), longan (Dimocarpus longan), papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus), coconut (Cocos nucifera), durian (Durio zibethinus), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), cassava (Manihot esculenta), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), oil palm(Elaeis guineensis), coffee (Coffea canephra) Tiepi-shihu (Dendrobium officinale) was discussed, and the tropical plant genome research was summarized.

In order to investigate the physiological response and comprehensively assess cold resistance of different varieties under low stress, six varieties of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) under cold stress were analyzed to determine the dynamic changes of relative electric conductivity (REC), malonadehyde (MDA), free proline (Pro), soluble sugar and soluble protein. The results showed that the relative electric conductivity (REC) in vitro seed embryos of young fruits of six loquat varieties presented an ‘S’ type curve change pattern as temperature decreased. The semi-lethal temperature of the six loquat varieties ranging from -4.759 to -2.73 ℃ using logistic equation, the semi-lethal temperature of white bud mutation was the highest and the Dawuxing loquat was the lowest among them. The contents of free proline (Pro) and malonadehyde (MDA) presented an inverted “V” type curve change pattern with the different time point of reaching the peak, which generally increased first and then decreased under cold stress. Furthermore, the soluble sugar and soluble protein increased as temperature decreased with the maximum value was obtained at the time of 24 h when treated at -5 ℃. The cold resistance ability of the six loquat varieties evaluated as WT (white bud mutation) > Guanyu > Ninghaibai > Longquan No.5 > Zaozhong No.6 > Dawuxing. In conclusion, the WT (white bud mutation) showed strong adaptability to low temperature stress and strong cold resistance. The median-lethal temperature combined with comprehensive evaluation based on subordinate function analysis could accurately identify the cold resistance of loquat varieties, which would provide a theoretical foundation and reference for screening of cold materials and looking for a new approach to increase the cold hardiness of loquat.

Gulangyu Island in Fujian was inscribed on the world heritage list in 2017. In order to protect the 117 major historic buildings and the plant resources around them, a field investigation, specimens gathering and identification were carried out to survey and analyze the plant resource on the fences, building walls and yards. The results showed that a total of 292 species belonging to 97 families were found around the buildings. Most of the rich resources were garden plants. Among them, the frequently distributing families were Moraceae, Pteridaceae, Compositae, Oxalidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Urticaceae, Solanaceae, Gramineae and Sapindaceae. The most frequently distributing species was Ficus microcarpa L.f. which located around 90 buildings (76.92%). There were also Pteris vittata L., Oxalis corniculata L., Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry, Pilea notata C. H. Wright et al. located around more than 50% buildings. The quantity of plant species around Huangrongyuan Hall was the most abundant (39 families 59 species), followed by that around Zhujia Garden (35 families 48 species). A total of 42 species invasive plants were found on Gulangyu Island, belonging to 25 families. The Compositae family was the most abundant (16.67%). There were 29 species native to America and 31 species (73.81%) introduced intentionally. The 5 dominant invasive plants were Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Paederia foetida L., Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch and Ipomoea cairica Hand.-Mazz. The invasive plants and F. microcarpa were widely distributed on the fences, building walls, even the whole island.

Acid phosphatase (APase) belongs to the hydrolase enzyme, which hydrolyzes orthophosphate from phosphomonoester or anhydride with an acidic pH optimum (pH < 7.0). Among APase, purple acid phosphatase (PAP) has distinctive biochemical and molecular characteristics, such as appearing purple or pink in extracted enzyme solutions, insensitive activity to tartrate inhibition, harboring of a binuclear metal center and five conserved motif blocks in amino acid sequences. It has been documented that PAP plays an important part in plant adaptation to phosphorus deficiency. In this review, we summarized the biochemical characterization, subcellular localization, biological function, and recent research progress of PAP in plants.

In this paper, the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, total flavonoids and total polyphenols of the peel of Citrus chachiensis Tanaka was compared with that of three other typical citrus peels, and the feasibility of other citrus peels as a substitute of C. chachiensis Tanaka was analyzed. The results showed that the soluble sugar, soluble protein, total flavonoids and total polyphenol content in the peels of Wenzhou mandarin orange, navel orange and Hubei citrus were significantly different from those of C. chachiensis Tanaka and the GC-MS method was used to detect the essential oil compositions in the peels of the above-mentioned four kinds of citrus, showing that the main contents were D-limonene, terpinenes, γ-terpineol and 2-amino benzoic acid methyl ester, with D-limonene as the highest. The characteristic contents of the essential oils of navel orange were more similar to those of C. chachiensis. The peel of navel orange as the substitute for the raw material of C. chachiensis Tanaka to produce citrus chachiensis hortorum is prospective.

Sugarcane is a crucial crop for both sugar and bioenergy production, with sugar accumulation and cell wall formation being critical biological processes during its growth and development. This study employed transcriptome sequencing on the ROC22 sugarcane variety, collecting samples from leaves at the 1^st, 3^rd, and 5^th nodes, bark tissues at the 3^rd, 5^th, 7^th, 11^th, and 17^th internodes, and pith tissues at the 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th, 7^th, 11^th, and 17^th internodes. A comprehensive analysis of 42 transcriptome datasets using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) revealed 34 distinct co-expression modules. Notably, the midnight blue, purple, and magenta modules demonstrated significant and specific correlations with the 1^st node leaf, 7^th internode pith, and 5^th internode bark, respectively. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses indicated that the modules participated in tissue-specific biological processes. The blue, yellow, turquoise, and black modules were primarily expressed in leaves, young pith, immature internodes, and bark, respectively. Within the blue module, key enzymes implicated in photosynthesis were identified, such as LFNR1, PSAK, PETE, PSAN, and NADP-ME4, which are essential for the initial production and accumulation of sugar in sugarcane. The yellow module featured a sucrose metabolism network centered on SUS4, including SWEET2 and an array of sugar transport-related enzymes and proteins, suggesting that the pith serves as the primary site for sugar transport and storage in sugarcane. The turquoise module contained glycoproteins and enzymes potentially involved in the synthesis and modification of the primary cell wall. Meanwhile, transcription factor NST1, which regulates secondary cell wall biosynthesis, along with other cell wall-modifying enzymes in the black module, may contribute to cell wall deposition in the cortex, providing mechanical strength and a barrier against external stresses for sugarcane. The findings would provide important references for studying the regulatory networks of sugar accumulation and cell wall formation in sugarcane.

To screen out pepper varieties suitable for spring open cultivation in Changde, we analyzed 13 characters by correlation analysis, cluster analysis and mass evaluation for 26 pepper varieties. The single fruit weight was significantly correlated with the transverse diameter of commodity fruit and the shape of fruit-shoulder. The single fruit weight was significantly negatively correlated with the leaf shape, fruit shape and maturity. The yield per plant was significantly correlated with the single fruit weight, and significantly positively correlated with the transverse diameter of commodity fruit and the shape of fruit-shoulder, but was significantly negatively correlated with the leaf shape, fruit shape and maturity. The maturity was significantly correlated with the leaf shape, and significantly positively correlated with the fruit shape, but was significantly negatively correlated with the transverse diameter of commodity fruit, the single fruit weight and the shape of fruit-shoulder. The 26 varieties were divided into four categories based on cluster analysis. The fruit shape and yield were the most important factors affecting the clustering results. The willingness of farmers to choose a variety was correlated with plant height, plant width, shape of fruit-shoulder, and virus resistant. And the correlation coefficient was 0.538, 0.542, -0.570, -0.518, respectively. It was correlated with transverse diameter of fruit, leaf shape and fruit shape. ‘Xiangyan-qingcui’, ‘Fengkang 21’, ‘Gengxin 8’, ‘Xingshu 201’ were suitable for cultivation in Changde.

The diversity of orchid labellum, a specialized petal, has great ornamental and biological value, but the formation mechanism has not been solved so far. APETALA3-3 (AP3-3) is a floral organ identity gene, which is related to the formation of orchid labellum, but there is no report on how it regulating the formation mechanism of orchid labellum diversity. In this project, wild type and DoAP3-3 overexpressing floral organs of Dendrobium officinale were used as the research objects to explore the formation mechanism from the perspective of transcription factor DoAP3-3 regulating downstream target genes through DAP-seq and RNA-seq joint analysis. The results showed that a total of 7 key candidate target genes, MADS6, NAC029, NAC054, WOX3, AS2, ERECTA, AG were identified, which may regulate floral organ development and floral morphogenesis development under the action of DoAP3-3 by specific regulation or interaction with other genes. The interaction between transcription factor DoAP3-3 and MADS6 was verified by yeast one-hybrid experiment, which further affecting floral morphogenesis development. This study would lay a foundation for preliminary analysis of the regulatory mechanism between DoAP3-3 and its target genes, and exploring the formation mechanism of highly specialized and diversified flower morphology in Orchidaceae.

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss is an important ornamental plant in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of China. Because the sexual reproduction of Bougainvillea is difficult, mutation breeding is an available breeding method. The present study used ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (NaN₃) and pingyangmycin (PYM) to mutagenize the cuttings of B. glabra ‘Mrs. Eva’ and B. × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’, respectively. In 20 h EMS treatments, the half lethal dose of ‘Mrs. Eva’ and ‘Miss Manila’ cuttings was 0.22% and 0.62%, respectively. With the increasing of EMS concentration, the shoot number and length of the longest branch of two Bougainvillea varieties showed a decreasing trend, while the chlorophyll and carotenoid content increased gradually. With the increasing of EMS concentration, the leaf hue of ‘Mrs. Eva’ changed to grayish tone and that of ‘Miss Manila’ changed to red tone gradually. Almost all ‘Mrs. Eva’ cuttings died in 20 h NaN₃ treatments, while the survival rate of ‘Miss Manila’ cuttings was 82%-92%. With the increasing of NaN₃ concentration, the shoot number of ‘Miss Manila’ decreased significantly. 20 h PYM treatments significantly improved the length of the longest branch of two Bougainvillea varieties in contrast to the control, but had no significant influence on the survival rate. Moreover, variant seedlings were found in EMS and PYM treatments, representing transformative leaf margin, wrinkled leaf surface or double leaf tips.

Phyllotreta striolata is one of the main pests of cruciferous vegetables at present. Due to its biological characteristics, the commonly used method of foliar spray is inefficiency and causes problems of excessive pesticide residue. In order to explore the control methods and effective agents for controlling P. striolata, the effects of 2% thiamethoxam and cypermethrin granules on the field control efficiency and yield of P. striolata were evaluated by soil treatment with mustard as the experimental vegetable. 2% thiamethoxam-cypermethrin granules had a strong control effect on P. striolata. At the dosage of 2 kg/667 m ², the control effect was 76.67%, 72.00% and 70.64% at 14, 21 and 28 d, respectively. At the same time, the agent also had a certain effect on promoting the growth of mustard. The total yield at the dose of 2 kg/667 m ² was 58.80% higher than that of the untreated fields. The residue analysis of mustard postharvest showed that the residue of thiamethoxam and cypermethrin in mustard and soil was less than 0.5 mg/kg, which met the corresponding terms of National standard for food safety-maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods (GB 2763-2016). Therefore, it is safe and effective to apply 2% thiamethoxam - cypermethrin granules to control P. striolata on mustard. In addition, the soil application method used in this study was a one-time application, which greatly reduced the dosage and labor cost compared with foliar spraying.

Weed species, distribution and damage on sisal (Agave sisalana) plantation in China were investigated. There were 200 weed species, belonging to 144 genus and 49 families, on sisal plantation, of which 40 species in Poaceae, 24 species in Asteraceae, 20 species in Fabaceae, 10 species in Rubiaceae and in Cyperaceae. There were 79 species in annual weed, 1 species in biennial weed, 100 species in perennial and 20 others. 143 species reproduced with seed reproduction, 57 species with seed, stem, stolon and rhizome reproduction. 68 species were alien invasive weed and 132 species were native weed. Three species (Imperata cylindrica var. major, Panicum repens, Cyperus rotundus) caused damage in 5 degree and 7 species (Eleusine indica, Digitaria setigera, Praxelis clematidea, Spermacoce alata, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens pilosa, Mikania microrantha) in 4 degree. A new viewpoint is proposed that sisal plantation with good cover plants is an ecological plantation and without cover plants cannot be an ecological plantation. Sod culture in sisal plantation can fertilize soil, raise sisal growth, feed animal and control pest.

Litchi is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree, which has high commercial value. The color of litchi fruit is an important quality character that affects market appealing. The color of litchi fruit decides by various pigments. The red coloration of litchi pericarp during maturation mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in litchi pericarp involves multiple steps and is regulated by different factors. With the wide application of molecular biology techniques, the research on anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation has attained substantial progress in recent years. Numerous papers about the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in litchi has also been published. Here, we summarize the research results in recent years on domestic and foreign studies on litchi amthocyanins. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins in litchi pericarp was reviewed. And the effects of the external environment, physiology and biochemistry, and molecular biology on the accumulation of anthocyanins were comprehensively summarized to provide theoretical guidance for better fruit coloration through breeding or cultural attempts.

In order to determine the differences of the aroma characterization and components in Sichuan Black Tea (CH) and Qimen Black Tea (QH), the black tea in the two regions were sampled as the research objects. The aroma characterization and volatile components of three typical tea samples were analyzed by sensory the analysis method and static headspace-solid phase microextraction / gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-SPME/GC-MS). The contribution rates were evaluated according to the relative content of each component and relative odour activity value (ROAV). CH1 presented strong fruit, sweet and roasted aroma with moderate flowery aroma, faint woody and fresh aroma coupled with light green aroma. CH2 also showed strong flowery and sweet aroma with moderate fruit, green and roasted aroma added light fresh and woody aroma. QH presented strong sweet and fruit aroma, with other prominent aroma characterization. The ROAV analysis combined with a characterization description of aroma showed that the common main aroma contributors of the three tea samples were linalool and geraniol. CH1 had 2-hexenal, cinene and furfural, with ROAVs of 362.59, 6.74 and 1.05, respectively. CH2 showed the presence of linalool oxide, phenylacetaldehyde, cis-3-hexenol and benzyl alcohol, with ROAVs reached 1472.33, 462.22, 383.92 and 4.42, respectively. QH also showed the presence of linalool, linalool oxide, geraniol, n-hexanal, phenylacetaldehyde, 1-nonanal, cis-3-hexenol and 2-pentylfuran, with all having a ROAVs of more than 100. In addition, 12 kinds of aroma components in three kinds of black tea, including linalool, phenylacetaldehyde, n-hexanal, geraniol, linalool oxide, n-nonanal, 2-pentylfuran, cis-3-hexenol, methyl salicylate, n-heptanal, limonene and phenethyl alcohol may be the material basis of black tea-based aroma.