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Correlation Between the Expression Level of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis Genes and Rubber Yield

  • YANG Shuguang ,
  • CHEN Yueyi ,
  • LI Yan ,
  • ZHANG Shixin ,
  • ZHANG Xiaofei ,
  • ZENG Xia ,
  • CHAO Jinquan ,
  • TIAN Weimin , *
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  • Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Minstry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China

Received date: 2018-12-15

  Request revised date: 2019-01-09

  Online published: 2019-03-15

Copyright

Copyright reserved © 1981. Office of Acta Agronomica Sinica All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

Abstract

Latex is thought to be a protective substance associated with injury response in rubber trees. Tapping can significantly promote rubber production, which should be closely related to the expression of genes involved in rubber biosynthesis in the laticifer cells of rubber trees. However, the exact relationship between the expression of the rubber biosynthesis genes and the dry rubber yield is yet to be elucidated. In the present study, qPCR was used to analyze the expression of six rubber biosynthesis genes, HbHRT2, HbSRPP, HbREF, HbHMGR1, HbHRT1 and HbGAPDH, in the laticifer cells of five Wichham germplasms and five 1981°IRRDB germplasms following tapping them with S/2 d/3 tapping system. The results showed that the expression of these genes was significantly higher in most Wichham germplasms than in 1981°IRRDB germplasms, as shown by fold increases of 1.05-14.62, 0.97-4.26, 1.46-12.56, 0.83-2.99, 0.43-7.54, 1.92-11.31, respectively, for HbHRT2, HbSRPP, HbREF, HbHMGR1, HbHRT1 and HbGAPDH. Correspondingly, the average fold change was 7.54, 2.55, 5.69, 1.71, 2.71, 4.91. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of these genes was positively related to dry rubber yield. Two of the genes, HbREF and HbGAPDH, could be exploited as the molecular markers in high rubber yield breeding programs for both genes showed a highest correlation between their expression level and the corresponding rubber yield.

Cite this article

YANG Shuguang , CHEN Yueyi , LI Yan , ZHANG Shixin , ZHANG Xiaofei , ZENG Xia , CHAO Jinquan , TIAN Weimin . Correlation Between the Expression Level of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis Genes and Rubber Yield[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2019 , 40(3) : 475 -482 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2019.03.009

在亚马逊森林,橡胶树与其他10多种橡胶属植物共存,而所有橡胶树种均为雌雄同株,并有优先异交的习性[1,2],因此,橡胶树是一个高度杂合的物种复合体[3],其种群/种属间存在高频的基因流动[4,5,6,7,8,9]。1876年,魏克汉(Wickham)从巴西收集了7万多粒橡胶树种子,获得了少量的种子苗。20世纪初,有20多株种子苗被成功引种到东南亚,成为该地区几乎所有橡胶树种植园的先祖。1920s以前,橡胶树主要通过种子和芽接的方式繁殖。1920s以后,人们开始了杂交育种工作[10,11]。经验表明,从杂交授粉开始到完成系列选育种过程耗时30多年[12]。由于引种驯化时间短,目前栽培的几乎所有无性系品种以及仍在选择中的基因型与亚马逊森林野生祖先相隔不到10代,这对于一个大面积种植的树种来说世代数太少[4]。人工杂交育种到目前也才进入到第四代。可见,橡胶树大规模种植和遗传改良的历史并不长。虽然绝大部分无性系起源于19世纪引种到亚洲的所谓‘魏克汉树’,但由于大多数的栽培品种仍包含足够的等位基因多样性,这使得遗传改良成为可能[4, 13]。研究表明,橡胶树种群间的基因结构还没有明显的分离,不同来源种质间共享80%左右的等位基因[4]。以魏克汉种质为亲本杂交获得的F1代的产量变异系数高达50.7%~ 100.1%[14,15,16]
天然橡胶是巴西橡胶树的重要次生代谢产物,来源于类异戊二烯代谢途径,涉及一系列橡胶生物合成关键酶[17],如橡胶延伸因子(rubber elongation factor, REF)[18]、小橡胶粒子膜蛋白(small rubber particle protein, SRPP)[19]、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, HMGR)[20]、橡胶转移酶(Hevea brasiliensis rubber transferase, HRT)[21]等。橡胶树的产量性状是一种典型的次生产量性状,由反复合理的收获胁迫(割胶)形成[22]。割胶后流出的胶乳是乳管细胞的细胞质,是橡胶树应答伤害的相关保护物质。研究发现,细胞质中的3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH;主要是参与糖酵解反应)基因可以响应多种胁迫反应,在植物抗逆过程中发挥重要调控作用[23]。割胶后,与胶乳再生和防卫相关的基因表达增强,同时伴随着蛋白合成效率的提高,从而使胶乳的代谢活性增加。机械伤害和割胶可以显著促进乳管的分化[24],显著提高REF[17, 25]SRPP[19, 25]FPS[26]等和乳胶生物合成相关基因的表达[27]。但是,橡胶生物合成相关基因的表达与橡胶产量的相关性尚不清楚。本研究通过分析橡胶生物合成相关基因的表达与橡胶产量的相关性,旨在找到与产量相关的分子标记,这对于育种周期长的橡胶树产量育种而言具有重要的实际应用价值。可为研究橡胶树产量形成的调控机理、开发新型的产量刺激剂提供理论基础,为研发橡胶树产量早期预测技术、通过转基因育种等途径提高橡胶树产量提供备选基因。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

实验材料是割龄为10 a的巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)的5份魏克汉种质和5份1981°IRRDB种质。其中5份魏克汉种质是经过人工选育的橡胶树品种PR107、RRIM600、热垦628、热垦525和热垦523;5份1981°IRRDB种质未经人工选育,编号为RO/CM/10 44/160、MT/IT/13 29/8、RO/C/8 24/104、RO/I/103 107、RO/CM/10 44/454。这些实验树种植于中国热带农业科学院试验场。
DNaseⅠ购自天根公司。反转录试剂盒RevertAidTM H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit购自Ferments公司。qPCR试剂SYBR® Ppermix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ(2×)(Tli RNaseH Plus)购自大连宝生物公司(TaKaRa Japan)。其他生化试剂均为进口或国产分析纯试剂。引物合成由Invitrogen公司完成。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 材料处理 每个种质随机挑选3株,在生产中正常割胶(S/2D d3:二分之一树围,阳刀,三天一刀)的第十刀,收集前10 min流出的胶乳,每个种质均取3株的等体积混合样,用于提取胶乳总RNA。
1.2.2 总RNA的提取与cDNA的合成 胶乳总RNA提取参照曾日中等[28]的方法。cDNA第一链的合成根据试剂盒的操作步骤进行:取1 μg胶乳总RNA反转录合成cDNA第一链,稀释10倍后作为qPCR分析的模板。
1.2.3 基因表达分析 (1)qPCR反应。qPCR反应体系为20 μL,其中SYBR® Ppermix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ(2×)10 μL、上游引物0.4 μL、下游引物0.4 μL(引物浓度为10 μmol/L,反应体系中每条引物终浓度均为0.2 μmol/L)、cDNA模板1 μL、ddH2O 8.2 μL。qPCR反应在LightCycler® Capillaries(20 µl,Roche)毛细管中完成,在Roche Diagnostics公司的Light Cycler Real Time PCR扩增仪中运行,实验操作按仪器使用说明书进行,qPCR反应程序:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 20 s,72 ℃ 20 s,共40个循环,然后进行溶解曲线分析(60~95 ℃,0.2 ℃/S),运行结束后冷却至40 ℃。每个样品做2次技术性重复,Cq标准差控制在0.2以内。利用LightCycler Software 4.05软件采集qPCR反应的Cq值。(2)qPCR引物筛选。根据 GenBank登录的基因的cDNA全长序列设计qPCR引物。以10倍梯度稀释的cDNA为摸板制备标准曲线,获得目的基因qPCR引物的扩增效率,选择扩增效率在85%以上的引物对开展实验;通过溶解曲线峰的数目判断引物的特异性,选择具有单一的溶解曲线峰的引物对开展实验;获得的qPCR产物通过测序印证。该研究所用引物见表1。(3)基因表达分析。根据“Q=2△Cq= 2min Cq-Sample Cq”计算基因的表达值(Q),以Hb18S作为内参基因,根据“E=Q目的基因/Q内参基因”分析目的基因的相对表达值(E)。样本间相对基因表达倍数[29]可直观的反映出彼此间表达差异的大小,根据“F=EA/EB”分析样本A对样本B的基因相对表达倍数(folds,F)。根据“变异系数(C·V)=标准差(s)/平均数($\bar{x}$)×100%”分析基因表达倍数的变异系数。
表1 qPCR引物及相关参数

Tab. 1 qPCR primers and their parameters

基因登录号
GenBank accession number
基因
Gene
引物对
Primer pairs(5′-3′)
PCR产物长度
Length of PCR product/bp
AY435212.1 Hb18S GCTCGAAGACGATCAGATACC 145
TTCAGCCTTGCGACCATAC
AB064661 HbHRT2 TTTCTGTTCCTAGCTCATCCTGCCT’ 122
TGCATGTCGGAATTTGCTACAATAC
AJ223388.1 HbSRPP TGGAGATGAGGCATCATAATCTGCA 119
TATTCCACATCCAAAACACACCACC
AY430052 HbREF ACCAAGAGACTTTCTAAGGTGCTA 86
CACTTCATCATCTTACTCAACTGG
X54659 HbHMGR1 ACACCCGTTGAGGACCGT 159
AAGGGGAGTGGAGTTGCG
AB061234 HbHRT1 GCAAATGCAACTGGAAGCGG 143
AGACGGGTCTCCCCAGAAGT
XM_021825341 HbGAPDH GACCGATTTGGCATTGTTGAGGGTC 141
TCCAGTGCTACTAGGAATGATGTTG

1.3 数据处理

用Excel 2003软件作图,用SPSS软件的Duncan检验进行多重比较分析。用Excel TTEST(Array 1,Array 2,Tails 1,Type 1)进行成对比较分析。用SPSS软件分析基因表达和参照曾霞等[30]的方法获得的干胶产量的Pearson相关性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 qPCR引物筛选

以10倍梯度稀释的cDNA为摸板制备标准曲线,获得目的基因qPCR引物的扩增效率在89%~98%之间(图1A);溶解曲线分析表明,各个基因的引物均获得单一的溶解曲线峰、无模板对照(NTC)无扩增产物,表明qPCR没有任何非特异性的扩增(图1B)。
图1 qPCR引物的效率和特异性分析

A.通过标准曲线计算出qPCR的扩增效率为89%~98%;纵坐标:Cp值,横坐标:模板浓度的对数。B.通过溶解曲线分析qPCR扩增的特异性,均获得单一的溶解曲线峰,并且无模板对照(NTC)无扩增,说明qPCR没有任何非特异性的扩增;在18S的扩增中,虽然NTC有很少的一点扩增(Cp =31.1±2.2),但Cp值远远小于样品的Cp值(9.5±0.3),因此对定量无影响;纵坐标:荧光(530 nm)强度,横坐标:温度(65~95 ℃)。

Fig. 1 Efficiency and specificity of each qPCR primer pair

A. Efficiency of qPCR amplification. The efficiency of each primer pair was assessed by amplification curve analysis which ranged between 89% and 98% when calculated from the slope of the relevant standard curve. Y-axis: Crossing point (Cp), X-axis: Log Concentration of cDNA template diluted by 10-fold series.B. Specificity of qPCR amplification (45 cycles). The amplicons’ dissociation curves for the seven analyzed genes all showed a single peak, and no amplification in NTC (no-template control) indicated that the real-time RT-PCR did not have any unspecific amplifications. Although NTC showed a smaller Cp value (31.1±2.2) in amplifying 18S but such a far smaller than sample Cp value should not have a considerable influence on quantification. Y-axis: -(d/dT)Flourescence (530 nm), X-axis: Temperature (65—95 ℃).

2.2 橡胶树种质间橡胶生物合成相关基因的表达分析

qPCR分析表明,HbHRT2图2A)和HbSRPP(2B)仅在1个(20%)1981°IRRDB种质中达到魏克汉种质的表达水平;HbHMGR1图2D)仅在1(20%)个魏克汉种质中低至1981°IRRDB种质的表达水平;HbHRT1图2E)仅有2个(40%)魏克汉种质显著高于1981°IRRDB种质的表达水平,3个(60%)魏克汉种质和1981°IRRDB种质中表达水平相当;值得注意的是,HbREF图2C)和HbGAPDH图2F)在所有魏克汉种质中的表达量均极显著高于1981°IRRDB种质。统计分析表明,这6个基因在魏克汉种质组的表达水平均显著高于1981°IRRDB种质组,其中HbHRT2HbSRPP、HbREFHbGAPDH差异极显著(图2H);80%的魏克汉种质中,6个基因表达的平均值均显著高于1981°IRRDB种质(图2G)。
图2 橡胶树种质胶乳中橡胶生物合成相关基因的表达分析

横坐标(A~G):从左到右(1~10)依次代表魏克汉种质PR107、RRIM600、热垦628、热垦525、热垦523以及1981°IRRDB种质RO/CM/10 44/160、MT/IT/13 29/8、RO/C/8 24/104、RO/I/103 107、RO/CM/10 44/454;G. 每个种质的基因相对表达量为HbHRT2, HbSRPP, HbREF, HbHMGR1, HbHRT1 HbGAPDH这6个基因表达值的平均数±标准差;H. 每个基因的相对表达量为5个魏克汉种质或5个1981°IRRDB种质中的平均数±标准差;不同大写字母或**表示组间差异极显著(p<0.01),不同小写字母或*表示组间差异显著(p<0.05)。

Fig. 2 Expression patterns of rubber biosynthesis genes in latex from rubber tree germplasms tapped under the S/2D d3 tapping system

X-axis (A~G): From the left (1 to 10) to right, the sample are Wickham germplasms PR107, RRIM600, Re ken 628, Re ken 525, Re ken 523, and 1981°IRRDB germplasms RO/CM/10 44/160, MT/IT/13 29/8, RO/C/8 24/104, RO/I/103 107, RO/CM/10 44/454; G. Relative expression levels are shown as x ± s for the 6 analyzed genes, HbHRT2, HbSRPP, HbREF, HbHMGR1, HbHRT1 and HbGAPDH, in each germplasm; H. Relative expression levels are shown as x ± s for each gene in 5 Wickham germplasms and 5 1981°IRRDB germplasms; The different capital letters or ** indicate significance at p<0.01, the different small letters or * indicate significance at p<0.05.

魏克汉种质分别对1981°IRRDB种质的基因表达倍数的结果表明(表2),优势表达基因是HbHRT2HbREFHbGAPDH,平均表达倍数分别为7.54、5.69和4.91倍,最大倍数均超过10倍。但是,同一基因在不同种质间的表达倍数有明显差异,变异系数分别为58.26%(HbHRT2)、74.00%(HbHRT1)、40.40%(HbSRPP)、69.43%(HbREF)、36.09%(HbHMGR1)、62.33%(HbGAPDH)。值得注意的是,HbGAPDH在5个魏克汉种质对1981°IRRDB种质的表达倍数均在2倍以上(100%)。
表2 魏克汉种质与1981°IRRDB种质间基因表达的倍数变化

Tab. 2 Fold changes in gene expression level between Wickham clones and 1981°IRRDB germplasms

种质比较对
Comparative germplasm pairs
基因表达倍数Gene expression folds
HRT2 HRT1 SRPP REF HMGR1 GAPDH
PR107 vs. RO/CM/10 44/160 11.04 1.01 4.10 4.21 2.60 9.54
PR107 vs. MT/IT/13 29/8 12.57 0.51 2.98 12.50 1.63 2.66
PR107 vs. RO/C/8 24/104 4.88 0.84 3.64 11.63 2.99 2.89
PR107 vs. RO/I/103 107 11.85 0.62 1.92 3.56 1.98 2.53
PR107 vs. RO/CM/10 44/454 2.63 0.43 1.43 3.27 1.74 7.01
RRIM600 vs. RO/CM/10 44/160 12.84 7.54 3.25 1.88 1.09 7.23
RRIM600 vs. MT/IT/13 29/8 14.62 3.85 2.36 5.58 0.69 2.01
RRIM600 vs. RO/C/8 24/104 5.67 6.28 2.89 5.19 1.26 2.19
RRIM600 vs. RO/I/103 107 13.77 4.68 1.52 1.59 0.83 1.92
RRIM600 vs. RO/CM/10 44/454 3.06 3.24 1.14 1.46 0.73 5.32
Re ken 628 vs. RO/CM/10 44/160 9.87 2.62 4.18 4.21 2.01 11.19
Re ken 628 vs. MT/IT/13 29/8 11.23 1.34 3.04 12.51 1.26 3.12
Re ken 628 vs. RO/C/8 24/104 4.36 2.18 3.72 11.63 2.31 3.39
Re ken 628 vs. RO/I/103 107 10.58 1.62 1.96 3.56 1.53 2.97
Re ken 628 vs. RO/CM/10 44/454 2.35 1.13 1.46 3.27 1.34 8.22
Re ken 525 vs. RO/CM/10 44/160 4.41 2.45 2.78 2.51 2.37 8.23
Re ken 525 vs. MT/IT/13 29/8 5.02 1.25 2.02 7.44 1.48 2.29
Re ken 525 vs. RO/C/8 24/104 1.95 2.04 2.47 6.92 2.72 2.50
Re ken 525 vs. RO/I/103 107 4.73 1.52 1.30 2.12 1.80 2.18
Re ken 525 vs. RO/CM/10 44/454 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.95 1.59 6.05
Re ken 523 vs. RO/CM/10 44/160 10.26 6.31 4.26 4.23 2.06 11.31
Re ken 523 vs. MT/IT/13 29/8 11.68 3.23 3.10 12.56 1.29 3.15
Re ken 523 vs. RO/C/8 24/104 4.53 5.26 3.79 11.68 2.37 3.43
Re ken 523 vs. RO/I/103 107 11.01 3.92 2.00 3.58 1.57 3.00
Re ken 523 vs. RO/CM/10 44/454 2.44 2.71 1.49 3.29 1.38 8.32
Wickham groups vs. 1981°IRRDB groups 7.54±4.39 2.71±2.00 2.55±1.03 5.69±3.95 1.71±0.62 4.91±3.06

Note: Due to the ratio calculation, the standard deviations (s) are not represented on this table.

注:因为是比率计算,所以表中未显示标准差(s)。

2.3 橡胶树种质间橡胶生物合成相关基因与干胶产量的相关性分析

Pearson相关性分析结果表明,HbSRPP、HbREFHbGAPDH基因表达与干胶产量均呈显著相关(p<0.05);值得注意的是,HbREFHbGAPDH基因表达与干胶产量呈极显著相关(p<0.01)(表3)。
表3 基因表达与干胶产量的相关性分析

Tab. 3 Correlation analysis between gene expression and dry rubber yield

指标Index 基因Gene
HbHRT2 HbHMGR1 HbSRPP HbHRT1 HbREF HbGAPDH
产量
Yield
Pearson相关性
Pearson correlation
0.595 0.560 0.749* 0.584 0.782** 0.868**
双尾检验显著性
2-tailed Significance
0.070 0.092 0.013 0.077 0.008 0.001
样本数
Sample number
10 10 10 10 10 10

Note: ** indicates significant correlation at p<0.01, * indicates significant correlation at p<0.05.

注:**表示极显著相关(p<0.01),*表示显著相关(p<0.05)。

3 讨论

割胶促进橡胶树合成天然橡胶,2次割胶之间的橡胶再生涉及到橡胶合成酶基因的诱导表达调控[27]。割胶可以显著提高REF[18, 25]SRPP[19, 25]等橡胶合成酶基因的表达。因此,应可通过研究橡胶合成酶基因在不同干胶产量种质中的表达差异来筛选产量相关的分子标记。
一般认为变异幅度大于2倍的基因为差异表达基因[29]。魏克汉种质组胶乳中HbHRT2、HbSRPP、HbREF、HbHRT1HbGAPDH基因的表达水平平均是1981°IRRDB种质组的2倍以上,表明这5个基因是两组种质的差异表达基因;其中HbHRT2、HbREFHbGAPDH的表达差异最大。HbREFHbGAPDH基因表达与橡胶树种质干胶产量的Pearson相关性高,有望作为橡胶树产量育种的侯选分子标记。
一个假设在训练数据上能够获得比其他假设更好的拟合,但是在训练数据外的数据集上却不能很好地拟合数据,此时认为这个假设出现了过拟合的现象。出现这种现象的主要原因是训练数据中存在噪音或者训练数据太少[31]。需要注意的是,该研究的样本数量有限,存在过度拟合的可能性,因此,该研究结果需要扩大群体进一步印证。
尽管个别基因在个别1981°IRRDB种质中已达到魏克汉种质的表达水平,但4个(80%)魏克汉种质中这6个基因的整体平均表达水平极显著高于1981°IRRDB种质,1个(20%)魏克汉种质中这6个基因的整体平均表达水平显著高于4个(80%)1981°IRRDB种质,表明它们在调控橡胶生物合成过程中具有协同作用。
该研究的5个魏克汉种质中,RRIM600的亲本组合为Tjirl×PB86[14,15],热垦628的亲本组合为IAN873×PB235[14],热垦525的亲本组合为INA873×RRIM803[15],热垦523的亲本组合为IAN873×PB260[14];PR107为初生代无性系[16, 32],RRIM600为次生代无性系[13, 33],热垦628、热垦525、热垦523为四生代无性系。5个1981°IRRDB种质RO/CM/10 44/160、MT/IT/13 29/8、RO/C/8 24/104、RO/I/103 107、RO/CM/10 44/454分别来自巴西的不同地区,种植名称中的字母表示来源地的代号。10份种质间具有一定的多样性,并且他们的产量都是经过长期测定的结果,因此该研究的结果具有一定的可靠性。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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