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Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry

Effect of Irrigation on Yield, Quality and Sugar and Acid Accumulation of ‘MD-2’ Pineapple in Dry Season

  • LIU Siru ,
  • MA Haiyang ,
  • LIU Yanan ,
  • XIAN Aimin ,
  • XU Minggang ,
  • SHI Weiqi , *
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  • South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Hainan Tropical Crops Nutrition Key Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524091, China
*SHI Weiqi,E-mail:

Received date: 2021-10-26

  Revised date: 2022-01-28

  Online published: 2022-06-24

Abstract

Water is an important controllable factor that affects the growth and development of fruits, and the formation of fruit quality can be directly or indirectly controlled by affecting plant growth. However, the seasonal dry period severely restricts the growth and development of pineapple plants, especially the effect of irrigation in the dry season on the yield and quality of pineapples is still unclear. The aim of this study was to probe the response characteristics of pineapple yield and quality to water input during seasonal drought. In this experiment, ‘MD-2’ was used as the research object. Based on the monitoring of the actual rainfall in the dry season, four gradient levels (W1 20 mm, W2 50 mm, W3 100 mm, W4 150 mm) were designed to increase the irrigation volume, and the non-increasing irrigation was used as CK. And the yield, quality, sugar and acid content of pineapple were analyzed and determined. The results showed that increasing irrigation in the dry season could significantly increase ‘MD-2’ pineapple fruit yield, average single fruit weight and commercial fruit rate, and the highest and lowest gradient levels of pineapple yield were W4 and CK respectively (W4 was 45.56% more than CK). With the increase of irrigation in the dry season, vitamin C, the total soluble solids and titratable acidity of ‘MD-2’ pineapple fruit gradually decreased, and the total soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, the overall performance was W2>W1>CK>W3>W4. The ratio of total soluble sugar to sugar and acid in W2 was the highest at 12.94% and 26.95, which was significantly greater than that in CK, with an increase of 87.26% and 64.6%, respectively. The sucrose content of ‘MD-2’ pineapple fruit increased with the increase of the irrigation amount in the dry season, showing a one-variable quadratic curve function (P<0.05), and its proportion increased from 38.8% of CK to 65.1% of W4, and the overall performance was W4>W3> W1>W2>CK; While the contents of fructose and glucose decreased linearly with the increase of irrigation amount in the dry season (P<0.01), and the overall performance of the two ratios was: CK>W2>W1>W3>W4. It can be seen that irrigation in the dry season promoted ‘MD-2’ pineapple fruit. Fructose and glucose were converted into sucrose, and the proportion of sugar types was changed, which in turn changed the flavor quality of pineapple fruit. The content of citric acid and quinic acid showed a significant first increase and then decrease with the increase of irrigation volume in a one-variable quadratic function relationship (P<0.05). The content of malic acid increased in a very significant linear function with the increase of irrigation in the dry season (P<0.001). In the dry season, the proportion of citric acid was relatively stable and reached 50%, while the proportion of malic acid only increased significantly in the treatment of W4, and the proportion of quinic acid decreased significantly in the treatment of W4. Irrigation in the dry season is very necessary for yield, fruit quality and fruit flavor quality improvement. According to the actual amount of natural rainfall, proper adjustment of irrigation to keep the total water supply at about 300 mm can achieve high-quality and high-yield pineapple fruits in the Leizhou Peninsula.

Cite this article

LIU Siru , MA Haiyang , LIU Yanan , XIAN Aimin , XU Minggang , SHI Weiqi . Effect of Irrigation on Yield, Quality and Sugar and Acid Accumulation of ‘MD-2’ Pineapple in Dry Season[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2022 , 43(6) : 1174 -1182 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.06.010

水分是果树正常生理代谢的基础条件,是维持光合作用和果实产量的关键,更是影响果实品质的重要因素之一[1-2],但传统漫灌方式以及季节性干旱期缺水灌溉导致水分利用率低和水资源严重浪费。因此对果树进行科学、合理的水分调控和灌溉决策,是生产管理的关键环节。已有研究表明,在一定范围内作物的产量会随着灌溉定额的增加而显著增加[3-4]。合理灌溉有利于果树产量和品质的均衡提高。但研究发现适当水分亏缺或干旱胁迫可有利于果实维生素C、可溶性固形物等提高[5-6],更有利于果实品质的改善。张任凡等[7]研究也表明枇杷幼果可溶性糖含量随着灌水量的增加而逐渐降低。邓佳等[8]研究发现,灌溉是影响葡萄柚水分可溶性固形物的主要因子,旱季不同水肥管理显著提高葡萄柚果实可溶性固形物、还原性糖含量。但也有研究发现海水灌溉可显著提高葡萄可溶性固形物含量[9]。因此,在作物产量和果实品质对灌溉响应差异的情况下,如何灌溉才能获得增产与提质双赢的结果,已成为当代农业研究的热点与焦点问题。
菠萝[Ananas comosus (L) Merr]是重要的热带水果,其种植区年降雨量较为充沛,但因旱雨季分明,旱季一般为每年11月至次年4月,水资源极为匮乏,而此阶段正是菠萝开花和果实发育的关键时期,缺水将导致菠萝生长停滞,影响果实的产量和品质[10-12]。另外因菠萝本身较耐旱,“不浇水”和“重肥轻水”的传统观念严重,使得旱季菠萝得不到有效的灌溉也是制约我国菠萝优质高产的主要因子。近年来有关土壤水分对作物产量和品质的影响主要集中在节水灌溉或者干旱地区灌水方面的研究,而忽视季节性干旱期的热带经济作物也需要灌溉。已有研究表明旱季采取适当的灌溉可提高菠萝的生长发育[13-14],但旱季大田灌水对菠萝果实产量、品质及糖酸积累的影响未曾涉及。为探明旱季灌水对菠萝果实产量、品质和糖酸积累的影响,本文以金菠萝为研究对象,以大田试验为基础,在季节性干旱期自然降雨条件下,通过在一定时间段给予不同的灌水量处理,研究收获期果实产量、品质及糖酸积累变化,旨在探索旱季灌水与金菠萝果实产量、品质和糖酸之间的关系,为我国菠萝产业的优质、高产提供理论依据和数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

研究区位于中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所植物营养试验基地,地理坐标110°17′E,21°12′N,属于热带海洋性季风气候,干、湿季节明显,降水集中于5—9月,11月至翌年4月为旱季。2018年平均气温为23.3℃,年日照时数为1310.4 h,年均相对湿度为83.6%,年降雨量为1761.8 mm,其中2018年1—5月的降雨量仅253 mm,仅占全年降雨量的14.38%,属典型的季节性干旱(图1)。土壤类型以凝灰岩砖红壤为主,土壤pH 4.41,有机质21.6 g/kg,碱解氮124.67 mg/kg,速效磷5.85 mg/kg,速效钾114.04 mg/kg。
图1 试验地2018年降雨量

1—5月即年积日的1~151 d为试验期。

Fig. 1 Precipitation of the test site in 2018

January-May i.e. days 1-151 of DOY is the experimental period.

试验材料为2017年生长状况相似的金菠萝‘MD-2’苗,经过缓苗期和营养生长期生长,以果实生长发育阶段为试验阶段(2018年1—5月)。在监测旱季实际降雨量的基础上,设4个增加灌水量梯度(W1 20 mm、W2 50 mm、W3 100 mm、W4 150 mm),并以不灌水为对照(CK 0 mm),每个处理设3次重复,共计15个试验小区,试验小区采用完全随机设计。每个试验小区的长度×宽度为21 m×2.0 m(面积为42 m2),每小区种植2行,株行距30 cm×50 cm,每个小区种植金菠萝苗200株(种植密度为50 000株/hm2)。小区之间均用PVC板进行隔断(深1 m),避免不同处理间土壤水分的相互干扰。4个增加灌水梯度分10次进行灌溉,分别在2018年1—5月的每个月月初和中旬,利用微喷带灌溉1次,每次灌溉量分别为2、5、10、15 mm。并于收获期采集果实样品。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 菠萝产量指标测定

产量及单果重测定:产量(kg/hm2)=实际采摘产量×果实占整个果(包括冠芽和果实)的比例/小区面积,实际采摘的产量包括冠芽在内,科学计算产量则不包括冠芽。
平均单果重(kg):于果实成熟期,每个处理小区连续采摘30个果实去掉冠芽并称量鲜重,计算单果平均重量。
鲜销商品果率(%)=实际鲜销商品果重/收获总重量×100,鲜销商品果按照0.75 kg(除冠芽)划分,0.75 kg以上为鲜销商品果,0.75 kg以下为罐头加工果。

1.2.2 菠萝果实品质指标测定

选择收获期,每小区采集大小均匀一致、无病虫害、无机械损伤的菠萝果实3个混匀为一个重复,共3个重复。采收当天运回实验室,将果实去皮分成2份,一份作为鲜样,采用粉碎机打碎成汁,并参照王镜岩[15]的方法采用手持折光仪测定可溶性固形物含量(TSS)、采用2,6-二氯靛酚比色法测定Vc 含量;采用酸碱中和滴定法(以柠檬酸计)测定可滴定酸含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性总糖含量。另一份作为冻样,切碎液氮冷冻,后粉碎机粉碎后于-80℃超低温冰箱保存,用于糖酸组分和含量测定。
糖酸组分提取和测定:样品前处理参照魏长宾[16]的方法并有所改进。采用Agilent HPLC高效液相色谱仪测定糖酸单体组成种类(组分)及其含量。糖组分及其含量测定使用的是示差折光检测器,色谱柱NH2柱250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm,注温30℃,流动相为V 乙腈V 纯净水=70∶30,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10 μL;有机酸组分及其含量测定使用的是紫外检测器,检测波长为210 nm,色谱柱为SB-Aq柱250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm,注温30℃,流动相为0.5%偏磷酸,流速为0.5 mL/min,进样量10 μL。试验所需蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、柠檬酸、奎宁酸和苹果酸等色谱纯标样均购自Sigma公司。

1.2.3 降雨量监测

试验样地旁安装翻斗式雨量计[天圻,东方智感(浙江)科技股份有限公司],实时监测试验地的降雨量。

1.3 数据处理

所有数据采用IBM SPSS Statistics 19软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和Tukey’s差异显著性(HSD)检验;采用Excel 2010软件进行数据分析整理,并用Origin 2020软件制图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同灌水量对菠萝产量的影响

随旱季灌水量的增加,菠萝果实总产量、平均单果重以及商品果率均呈现显著增加的趋势(图2)。其中,W4产量显著高于CK和W1,但与W2、W3差异不显著;W1、W2和W3之间的产量无显著差异但均显著大于CK;与CK相比, W1、W2、W3和W4果实产量分别提高了19.40%、27.98%、27.98%、45.56%(图2A)。旱季灌水处理的平均单果重均显著大于CK,分别提高了22.67%、28.00%、28.00%、46.67%,同时W4的平均单果重较W1显著增加了19.57%,但与W2和W3之间未达到显著性差异(图2B)。由图2A可知,旱季灌水增加提高了菠萝果实商品果率,且W4和W3的商品果率达到最大值,为96.88%,较CK提高了39.58%,W1和W2的商品果率较CK也有所提高,增幅分别为3.24%、28.44%。表明本试验条件下,旱季灌水的增加对菠萝产量、单果重和商品果率有很强的正效应。
图2 不同灌水量对菠萝产量和商品果率(A)、单果重(B)的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of different irrigation amounts on yield, commercial fruit rate (A) and single fruit weight (B) in pineapple

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

2.2 不同灌水量对菠萝果实品质的影响

表1可知,随旱季灌水量的增加,菠萝果实可溶性固形物、维生素C和可滴定酸度呈减小的变化趋势,其整体表现为W2>CK>W1>W3>W4。其中,W2的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸度均显著高于W3和W4,而与W1和CK差异不显著;W2的维生素C含量显著高于W4,而CK、W1、W2和W3间未表现显著性差异。旱季灌水量的增加对菠萝果实可溶性总糖和糖酸比的影响呈显著水平(表1),其可溶性总糖和糖酸比表现为W2> W1>CK>W3>W4。其中W2的可溶性总糖和糖酸比最高为12.94%和26.95,显著大于CK,其增幅分别为87.26%、64.60%。另外,可能因为灌水较多对菠萝果实可溶性总糖产生稀释效应,导致W3和W4的可溶性总糖低于CK。W1和W2间的糖酸比差异不显著,但均显著大于CK、W3和W4,CK与W3的糖酸比差异不显著,但均显著大于W4。由此可见,旱季适当增加灌水可改善金菠萝果实品质,但当灌水量达到一定临界值后再增加灌水金菠萝果实可溶性总糖和糖酸比显著降低。
表1 不同灌水量下金菠萝果实品质的差异分析

Tab. 1 Effect of different irrigation amount on the quality of MD-2 pineapple

处理
Treatment
可溶性固形物TSS/% 维生素C
Vitamin C/[mg·(100g)-1]
可滴定酸度
Titratable acid/%
可溶性总糖
Total soluble sugar/%
糖酸比
Sugar acid ratio
CK 15.33±0.21ab 26.01±0.51ab 0.42±0.02a 6.91±0.30c 16.37±1.01b
W1 15.32±0.08ab 25.95±1.33ab 0.40±0.03ab 9.41±0.59b 23.53±3.28a
W2 16.23±1.07a 28.22±3.40a 0.48±0.02a 12.94±0.76a 26.95±1.56a
W3 14.15±0.54bc 23.29±1.47ab 0.31±0.03bc 5.13±0.59cd 16.55±0.35b
W4 13.07±0.30c 18.98±1.22b 0.28±0.01c 4.13±0.04d 14.75±1.90c

注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Note: Different lowercase letters after the same column of data indicate significant difference (P<0.05)

2.3 不同灌水量对菠萝果实糖积累的影响

果实品质是消费者评价商品性优劣的直接指标,其中糖组成和含量是果树生长发育过程中供能和储能的重要碳水化合物,对果实品质有重要的影响[17]。由图3A可知,随着旱季灌水量的增加,金菠萝果实的蔗糖含量呈一元二次曲线函数显著增加(P<0.05),其中W4、W3和W1处理较CK的蔗糖含量分别提高了70.7%、21.6%和14.7%;而果糖和葡萄糖含量均随着旱季灌水量的增加呈线性函数极显著降低(P<0.01),W4、W3、W2和W1较CK的果糖含量分别降低了55.2%、51.3%、26.1%和28.7%,葡萄糖含量分别降低了45.0%、43.9%、16.5%和8.2%。
图3 不同灌水量金菠萝果实糖含量(A)和组分比例(B)的变化

Fig. 3 Changes of sugar content (A) and component ratio (B) of ‘MD-2’ fruit under different irrigation amounts

果实甜度不仅取决于果实糖含量的多少,还与糖种类所占比例的多少密切相关[18]。随旱季灌水量的增加,蔗糖比例由CK的38.8%提高到W4的65.1%,其整体表现为W4>W3>W1>W2>CK;而果糖和葡萄糖的比例则分别由CK的30.8%和30.4%,降低到W4处理的15.9%和19.0%,二者比例的整体表现均为:CK>W2>W1>W3>W4图3B)。综上可知,旱季灌水促进金菠萝果实果糖和葡萄糖转化为蔗糖,且改变了其糖种类比例,进而改变了菠萝果实风味品质。

2.4 不同灌水量对菠萝果实主要有机酸积累的影响

当果实含糖量处于较高水平,适宜的酸度既体现了果实的独特风味,也更容易被消费者所接受[19],因此果实的有机酸种类与含量也是决定果实风味品质的重要因素之一[20]。菠萝属于柠檬酸积累型果实,其次为奎宁酸、苹果酸等[21]。随着旱季灌水量的增加,金菠萝果实的柠檬酸和奎宁酸含量均呈先增大后减小的一元二次函数关系(P<0.05)。其中W3处理的柠檬酸含量最高,是CK的2.15倍;W1、W2和W4处理较CK分别提高了35.4%、44.8%和65.8%;而奎宁酸含量W2处理最高,其次为W3和W1,分别较CK提高了75.2%、42.3%和24.8%,W4处理的奎宁酸含量较CK反而降低了42.3%。苹果酸含量随着旱季灌水量的增加呈线性函数增加,表现为极显著性水平(P<0.001),其中W1、W2、W3和W4处理较CK处理苹果酸含量分别提高了32.5%、45.9%、103.3%和149.3%(图4A)。
图4 不同灌水量金菠萝果实3种有机酸含量(A)及比例(B)的变化

Fig. 4 Changes in contents (A) and proportions (B) of three organic acids in ‘MD-2’ fruit under different irrigation amounts

图4B可知,旱季不同灌水处理间,菠萝果实柠檬酸比例相对稳定,均达50%左右,且各处理间差异不显著。而随旱季灌水量的增加,苹果酸比例呈增大趋势,由CK的22%提高到W4的35.9%,且W4的苹果酸比例显著大于W1、W2、W3和CK(P<0.05);但奎宁酸比例随旱季灌水量的增加呈减小趋势,由CK的28.5%减小到W4的10.8%,且W4的奎宁酸比例显著小于W2、W1和CK(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

水分是一切生物维持生命必不可少的因素,而在光、热、气条件均满足的情况下,水分供给是影响果树产量的主要因素之一[22-23]。本研究结果表明,随灌水量的增加金菠萝产量和单果重均呈显著增加趋势,而旱季自然降雨条件下的产量最低,反映了旱季缺水对菠萝产量产生一定的抑制作用,这与严程明等[24]发现的灌溉提高菠萝产量的研究结果一致,类似的研究结果也在黄果柑[25]、黄瓜[26]及番茄[27]等的研究中被发现。另外,随旱季灌水量的增加,金菠萝的商品果率呈“S”型趋势上升,这与钟韵等[28]发现水分亏缺显著降低苹果的优果率以及牛文全等[29]发现灌溉提高番茄A级果和B级果比例等研究的结果相似。造成以上结果的原因可能是:一方面,灌溉会直接促进植物根系的生长发育,提高其对土壤水分和养分的获取,进而提高其产量及优果率。如武阳等[30]在亏缺灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨产量与根系生长影响的研究中发现,滴灌显著增加了库尔勒香梨的根系长度及其分布密度。李波等[31]研究也发现水分引导葡萄根系垂直向下生长,促进果实生长发育,进而提高葡萄产量。另一方面,水分亏缺状态下,植物为保持水分,往往会降低自身的气孔导度[32],从而降低蒸腾,但这同时也抑制了叶片光合作用原料CO2 的获取,降低了植物的光合作用,最终导致产量降低,而灌溉则能有效地缓解该问题,进而提高植物的光合效率,促进有机物的积累,最终提高果实的产量和优果率。另外,本文还发现菠萝产量与果实单果重密切相关,而与所收获的果实数量无关,这与DHUNGEL等[33]的研究结果一致。
虽然增加灌溉通常会提高产量,但灌水过多可能会降低果实品质,影响经济效益[34-35]。本文研究发现,菠萝果实可溶性固形物、维生素C和可滴定酸度随灌水量的增加呈减小的变化趋势,其整体表现为W2>CK>W1>W3>W4。同时还发现旱季灌水量的增加对菠萝果实可溶性总糖和糖酸比的影响呈显著水平,其中W2的可溶性总糖和糖酸比最高为12.94%和26.95,显著大于CK,其增幅分别为87.26%、64.60%。造成这一现象可能的原因是重度水分亏缺抑制果树碳水化合物的累积,从而降低了可溶性总糖的含量,而在季节性干旱期进行补充灌溉,水分亏缺程度不断降低,光合同化物增多,可溶性总糖含量也随之增加,但当灌水量达到一定临界值后过多的灌水量可能产生稀释效应,导致可溶性总糖含量显著下降,表现出在一定范围内增加灌水量可提升金菠萝果实的产量和品质,与前人在梨[36]、番茄[37]、西瓜[4]等果树上的研究结果相符,这一研究结果也是对亏缺灌溉或补充灌溉比充分灌溉更能够提高果实品质这一研究结论的进一步证实和肯定。
可溶性糖和有机酸是衡量果实口感品质的重要指标,是影响风味品质的2个核心因素,其种类、含量及比例共同影响风味形成,导致其甜度和酸性也会有所不同[38-39]。菠萝果实糖分由蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖组成[40]。本文研究结果发现,金菠萝果实主要以蔗糖为主,其3种糖的含量与其比例的变化趋势保持一致,其中蔗糖随旱季灌水量的增加,其含量和比例均显著增加,而果糖和葡萄糖的含量及比例均显著减小。该研究结果与祁娟霞[41]和齐红岩等[42]在番茄研究中的结论一致。造成以上结果的原因可能是旱季增加灌水抑制了蔗糖合成酶分解方向和转化酶的活性,从而减缓了蔗糖分解成果糖和葡萄糖,进而导致蔗糖大量积累。本研究表明金菠萝属于柠檬酸积累型果实,随旱季灌水量的增加,柠檬酸和奎宁酸的含量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,但柠檬酸比例在不同灌水处理间差异不显著,均高达50%左右,这与SARADHULDHAT等[43]、陆新华等[21]的研究结果一致,而奎宁酸比例仅在灌水量最大(W4)时显著降低。苹果酸含量随旱季灌水量的增加呈线性增加,但其比例也仅在灌水量最大(W4)时显著增大,这与干旱胁迫引起温州蜜柑、宽皮柑橘果实柠檬酸和奎宁酸积累,对苹果酸的影响不大的结果[44-45]不完全相同,这可能是由于果树品种或者环境因素的差异造成的。
综上所述,金菠萝的产量及其果实品质对旱季灌水量的增加响应不同,综合考虑产量及果实品质的双赢,本研究中W2处理:即在自然降雨253 mm的基础上增加50 mm灌溉量,能够在显著提高金菠萝产量及优果率的同时,也能提高金菠萝果实的可溶性糖、糖酸比以及蔗糖含量等风味品质。因此,实际生产过程中,在雷州半岛地区金菠萝的整个果实发育期(1—5月)根据天然降雨的多少,适当调整灌溉量,使其总供水量保持在300 mm左右最佳。
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