Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops >
The Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Wing Dimorphism in Aphid
Received date: 2021-05-12
Revised date: 2021-07-28
Online published: 2022-01-14
Copyright
Wing polymorphism is commonly observed in insects, for the sake of example, there are winged morph and wingless morph in aphids, the wingless morph lacks wings and is called apterous morph. Be of wings, the alate aphids can fly, successfully escape from wicked environment and find new habitat. Besides, the short reproduction cycle and large reproduction of apterous aphid are helpful to maintain a certain population. For aphid, wing dimorphism is an adaptive strategy in response to wicked environment. Both genetic and environmental factors are usually considered to affect the developmental outcomes of insect wing morphs. The wing polymorphism mainly affected by environment is called polyphenism. In this review, the ecological adaptive significance, influencing factors on determination of wing form, physiological and molecular mechanism of wing polymorphism were summarized. There are a few researches about wing dimorphism of Aphid, which partially confirmed that the wing type of pea aphid is controlled by an allele on the X chromosome. More researches identified that the environmental factors, including photoperiod, temperature, population density, symbiotic microorganisms, natural enemy, pesticides and antibiotics, may play an important role in this dimorphism. But in fact, these environmental factors often do not exist unilaterally. Juvenile hormone, ecdysone and other exogenous hormones are believed have interference effect on wing dimorphism. The appearance of crowding effect is probably resulted from the role of exogenous hormones.These factors may act prenatally, postnatally or both, depending on the species. For example, the middle instar nymphs treated by juvenile hormone probably develop to be supernumerary larva, not to be wingless adults. On the contrary, (E)-β-farnesene induced more winged morph offspring. Previous experimental injections of ecdysone or its analog resulted in a decreased production of winged offspring of Acyrthosiphon pisum. Furthermore, interfering with ecdysone signaling using an ecdysone receptor antagonist or knocking down the ecdysone receptor gene with RNAi resulted in an increased production of winged offspring. Molecular mechanism of wing type differentiation of aphids starts from the expressed differential genes or proteins of winged and wingless aphid of the same genotype.
Key words: aphids; wing dimorphism; polyphenism; environmental factor; ecological adaptation
HE Yanbiao , LI Yicheng , ZHANG Min , LI Jia , LIU Jianhong , LIU Xiu , JIN Chenzhong . The Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Wing Dimorphism in Aphid[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2021 , 42(12) : 3409 -3415 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.12.005
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