1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.2 方法
1.3 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 冻干咖啡粉干燥工艺参数研究结果与分析
表1 不同加热板温度对冻干咖啡粉干燥速率的影响Tab. 1 Influence of different heating plate temperatures on drying rate of freeze-dried coffee power |
| 水平 Level | 加热板温度 Heating plate temperatures/℃ | 冻干前咖啡粉 Coffee powder before freeze-drying | 冻干后咖啡粉 Coffee powder after freeze-drying | 时间 Time/h | 干燥速率 Drying rate/h-1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | ||||
| 1 | 40.00 | 90.00 | 0.75±0.05 | 17.89±0.20 | 2.86±0.12 | 22.00 | 0.18±0.02 |
| 2 | 50.00 | 90.00 | 0.81±0.07 | 18.74±0.16 | 3.17±0.09 | 20.00 | 0.19±0.01 |
| 3 | 60.00 | 90.00 | 0.88±0.06 | 18.01±0.09 | 2.30±0.16 | 20.00 | 0.20±0.03 |
| 4 | 70.00 | 90.00 | 0.82±0.02 | 14.92±0.17 | 1.86±0.08 | 24.00 | 0.21±0.02 |
| 5 | 80.00 | 90.00 | 0.85±0.05 | 16.24±0.22 | 2.22±0.09 | 19.00 | 0.24±0.02 |
表2 不同物料装载厚度对冻干咖啡粉干燥速率的影响Tab. 2 Influence of loading thickness of different materials on drying rate of freeze-dried coffee power |
| 水平 Level | 物料装载厚度 Material loading thickness/cm | 冻干前咖啡粉 Coffee powder before freeze-drying | 冻干后咖啡粉 Coffee powder after freeze-drying | 时间 Time/h | 干燥速率 Drying rate/h-1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | ||||
| 1 | 1.00 | 60.00 | 0.77±0.03 | 16.88±0.23 | 3.34±0.09 | 19.50 | 0.13±0.01 |
| 2 | 1.25 | 75.00 | 0.79±0.02 | 12.58±0.14 | 3.37±0.12 | 19.50 | 0.25±0.02 |
| 3 | 1.50 | 90.00 | 0.85±0.06 | 12.64±0.11 | 3.84±0.16 | 19.50 | 0.31±0.03 |
| 4 | 1.75 | 105.00 | 0.89±0.04 | 16.23±0.16 | 2.80±0.13 | 21.00 | 0.26±0.01 |
| 5 | 2.00 | 120.00 | 0.88±0.03 | 17.17±0.18 | 3.17±0.10 | 21.00 | 0.28±0.02 |
表3 不同干燥室压强对冻干咖啡粉干燥速率的影响Tab. 3 Influence of different drying chamber pressure on drying rate of freeze-dried coffee power |
| 水平 Level | 干燥室压强 Drying chamber pressure/Pa | 冻干前咖啡粉 Coffee powder before freeze-drying | 冻干后咖啡粉 Coffee powder after freeze-drying | 时间 Time/h | 干燥速率 Drying rate/h-1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | 质量 Quality/g | 含水量 Water content/% | ||||
| 1 | 50.00 | 90.00 | 1.05±0.07 | 16.10±0.11 | 4.05±0.12 | 22.00 | 0.21±0.02 |
| 2 | 60.00 | 90.00 | 1.54±0.06 | 12.42±0.18 | 2.37±0.04 | 22.00 | 0.28±0.02 |
| 3 | 70.00 | 90.00 | 1.13±0.10 | 13.85±0.23 | 4.33±0.08 | 19.00 | 0.29±0.04 |
| 4 | 80.00 | 90.00 | 1.15±0.05 | 13.17±0.13 | 3.26±0.07 | 19.00 | 0.30±0.03 |
| 5 | 90.00 | 90.00 | 1.15±0.08 | 19.80±0.15 | 2.26±0.15 | 21.00 | 0.17±0.01 |
表4 响应面因素水平表Tab. 4 Response surface factor levels |
| 水平 Level | 因素 Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A/℃ | B/cm | C/Pa | |
| -1 | 60.00 | 1.25 | 70.00 |
| 0 | 70.00 | 1.50 | 80.00 |
| 1 | 80.00 | 1.75 | 90.00 |
表5 Box-Behnken 实验设计与结果Tab. 5 Program and result of Box-Behnken design |
| 序号 Number | A | B | C | 实际干燥速率 Drying rate/h-1 | 理论干燥速率 Theoretical drying value/h-1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0.19 | 0.20 |
| 2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
| 3 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 4 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
| 5 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 6 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
| 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
| 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.23 | 0.22 |
| 10 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 12 | 1 | –1 | 0 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| 13 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.23 | 0.21 |
表6 响应面方差分析Tab. 6 Analysis of response surface variance |
| 来源 Source | 平方和 Sum of Squares | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean Square | F值 F value | P值 P-value Prob>F | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 | 3.90E-03 | 9 | 4.33E-04 | 1.10 | 0.48 | 不显著 |
| A加热板温度 | 4.71E-04 | 1 | 4.71E-04 | 1.20 | 0.32 | |
| B物料装载厚度 | 2.38E-05 | 1 | 2.38E-05 | 0.06 | 0.82 | |
| C干燥室压强 | 1.68E-06 | 1 | 1.68E-06 | 0.00 | 0.95 | |
| AB | 6.68E-04 | 1 | 6.68E-04 | 1.69 | 0.25 | |
| AC | 1.14E-03 | 1 | 1.14E-03 | 2.88 | 0.15 | |
| BC | 1.11E-04 | 1 | 1.11E-04 | 0.28 | 0.62 | |
| A2 | 6.97E-04 | 1 | 6.97E-04 | 1.77 | 0.24 | |
| B2 | 2.05E-04 | 1 | 2.05E-04 | 0.52 | 0.50 | |
| C2 | 7.88E-04 | 1 | 7.88E-04 | 2.00 | 0.22 | |
| 残差 | 1.97E-03 | 5 | 3.94E-04 | |||
| 失拟项 | 1.52E-03 | 3 | 5.05E-04 | 2.22 | 0.33 | 不显著 |
| 纯误差 | 4.56E-04 | 2 | 2.28E-04 | |||
| 总和 | 5.87E-03 | 14 |
图1 加热板温度和物料装载厚度对干燥速率影响的曲面图和等高线Fig. 1 Surface diagram and contour line of influence of heating plate temperature and material loading thickness on drying rate |
图2 加热板温度和干燥室压强对干燥速率影响的曲面图和等高线Fig. 2 Surface and contour lines of the influence of heating plate temperature and drying chamber pressure on drying rate |
2.2 冻干咖啡粉品质分析
表7 冻干咖啡粉与咖啡粉的色泽指标比较Tab. 7 Comparison of color indexes between freeze-dried coffee powder and coffee baked beans grinding powder |
| 色泽参数 Color parameters | 明亮度L* Brightness L* | 红绿度a* Redness a* | 黄蓝度b* Yellow b* | 色度c* Chromaticity c* | 色调角h Tonal angle h | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 烘焙豆研磨粉1 | 39.93±0.09d | 3.36±0.09bc | 4.34±0.14c | 5.48±0.17c | 52.21±0.30b | 6.64 |
| 烘焙豆研磨粉2 | 39.65±0.18d | 3.33±0.05b | 4.40±0.07bc | 5.52±0.08bc | 52.84±0.11b | 6.92 |
| 烘焙豆研磨粉3 | 39.69±0.23d | 3.50±0.07b | 4.62±0.10b | 5.79±0.13b | 52.88±0.13b | 6.89 |
| 冻干咖啡粉1 | 44.85±0.18c | 3.26±0.19cd | 3.84±0.23d | 5.04±0.31d | 49.68±0.50c | 1.79 |
| 冻干咖啡粉2 | 48.43±0.48a | 4.06±0.28a | 6.00±0.09a | 7.27±0.22a | 56.12±1.88a | 2.59 |
| 冻干咖啡粉3 | 45.65±0.73b | 3.17±0.19d | 4.28±0.58c | 5.27±0.65cd | 53.20±2.38b | 0.97 |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level (data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n = 10). | |
注:同列不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著(数据为平均值±标准偏差,重复数n=10)。 |
表8 冻干咖啡粉与速溶咖啡气味和口感的对比Tab. 8 Comparison of smell and taste between freeze-dried coffee powder and instant coffee |
| 质量参数 Mass parameters | 得分(100分) Score (100 points) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 冻干咖啡粉 Freeze-dried coffee powder | 对照1 Reference 1 | 对照2 Reference 2 | 对照3 Reference 3 | 对照4 Reference 4 | 对照5 Reference 5 | 对照6 Reference 6 | |
| 气味(40分) | 29.40±0.14 | 25.76±0.09 | 38.23±0.19 | 33.20±0.21 | 32.56±0.04 | 26.80±0.11 | 30.00±0.10 |
| 口感(60分) | 49.43±0.25 | 30.00±0.16 | 53.23±0.15 | 48.56±0.12 | 44.23±0.05 | 28.03±0.19 | 33.76±0.08 |
| 总分 | 78.83±0.23 | 55.76±0.14 | 91.46±0.16 | 81.76±0.17 | 76.79±0.05 | 54.83±0.15 | 63.76±0.09 |
表9 冻干咖啡粉与咖啡烘焙豆研磨粉溶解性比较Tab. 9 Comparison of solubility between freeze-dried coffee powder and coffee baked beans grinding powder |
| 水平 Level | 溶解温度 Solution temperature/℃ | 咖啡烘焙豆 研磨粉(100分) Roasted coffee beans grinding powder (100 points) | 冻干咖啡粉(100分) Freeze-dried coffee powder (100 points) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.00 | 20.40±0.06e | 70.40±0.11c |
| 2 | 25.00 | 25.20±0.08d | 80.80±0.09b |
| 3 | 50.00 | 30.00±0.12c | 82.00±0.17b |
| 4 | 75.00 | 46.00±0.05b | 87.20±0.22a |
| 5 | 100.00 | 58.00±0.21a | 86.40±0.16a |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level (data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n = 10). | |
注:同列不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著(数据均为平均值±标准偏差,重复数n=10)。 |
