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蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa基因作为低温胁迫内参基因的研究

  • 梁芳 ,
  • 许申平 ,
  • 张燕 ,
  • 王默霏 ,
  • 崔波 , *
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  • 郑州师范学院生物工程研究中心,河南郑州 450044
*崔 波,E-mail:

梁 芳(1982—),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:花卉分子育种。

收稿日期: 2022-02-10

  修回日期: 2022-03-19

  网络出版日期: 2022-08-04

基金资助

河南省科技攻关计划项目(212102110116)

河南省科技攻关计划项目(222102110470)

河南省高校重点科研项目(22A210025)

PhPP2Aa as Reference Gene in Phalaenopsis under Low-temperature Stress

  • LIANG Fang ,
  • XU Shenping ,
  • ZHANG Yan ,
  • WANG Mofei ,
  • CUI Bo , *
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  • Bioengineering Research Center, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, China
*CUI Bo,E-mail:

Received date: 2022-02-10

  Revised date: 2022-03-19

  Online published: 2022-08-04

摘要

实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术因其具有简单灵敏、准确高效等诸多优点,成为目的基因表达水平研究最常用的技术手段。而结果的可靠性取决于很多因素,其中使用合适的内参基因是qPCR技术最基本的应用前提。许多研究表明没有一种内参基因可以在任何条件下都能稳定地表达。目前尚未见到关于蝴蝶兰低温生长条件下最佳内参基因选择的有关报道。蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)是真核生物体内一种主要的细胞内源丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶。本研究根据蝴蝶兰低温转录组测序结果克隆得到1个PP2A的A亚基基因,其cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1764 bp,编码1个含有587个氨基酸的蛋白,将该基因命名为PhPP2Aa,GenBank登录号为MW847782。序列分析结果表明,该基因与其他植物PP2A核苷酸序列相似性均在80%以上,氨基酸序列与小兰屿蝴蝶兰PP2A序列相似性为99.66%。基于氨基酸序列进化分析结果表明,蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa与小兰屿蝴蝶兰和铁皮石斛的亲缘关系最近。将蝴蝶兰PP2A与其他7种候选内参基因(TUATUBACTINF-boxRPL19RPL36RPL41)进行实时荧光定量PCR,用3种常用内参基因分析软件对各个基因Ct值进行稳定性分析,结果表明蝴蝶兰8个候选内参基因在低温胁迫条件下表达水平最稳定的内参基因为PP2A,其次为ACTIN;最不稳定的基因为F-box,其次为TUA。以蝴蝶兰PP2A作为内参基因探讨低温胁迫响应基因PhNAC1的表达情况,结果显示蝴蝶兰PhNAC1的表达模式符合低温胁迫条件下的表达特性。该结果表明蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa基因可作为低温胁迫条件下目的基因转录水平研究的内参基因。

本文引用格式

梁芳 , 许申平 , 张燕 , 王默霏 , 崔波 . 蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa基因作为低温胁迫内参基因的研究[J]. 热带作物学报, 2022 , 43(7) : 1338 -1346 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.07.004

Abstract

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, with the benefits of simplicity, high sensitivity, accuracy and high-throughput characteristics, has been used in many fields to quantify the transcript levels of target genes. There are many rules that must be followed to ensure the reproducible and accurate expression profiles of target genes using qPCR. Among them, the use of a reliable internal control known as a reference gene for data normalization is the elementary prerequisite for valid results and proper analysis. Numerous studies have suggested that no single reference gene is always expressed stably under any condition. There are no reports on the selection of optimal reference genes for Phalaenopsis under low temperature conditions. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major intracellular serine / threonine protein phosphatase in eukaryotes. A subunit gene of PP2A was cloned by the results of the transcriptome sequencing of Phalaenopsis hybrid under cold stress, which was named PhPP2Aa and the GenBank accession number was MW847782. The coding region (ORF) of PhPP2Aa was 1764 bp, encoding 587 amino acids. Homologous alignment showed that it shared over 80% nucleotide sequence similarity with PP2A in other plants, and that it shared 99.66% amino acid sequence similarity with P. equestris. The phylogenetic tree analysis based on the amino acid suggested that the relationship of PP2A between Phalaenopsis hybrid, P. equestris and Dendrobium catenatum was close, which belonged to the same branch. Three conventional software (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper) were used to analyze the expression stability of 8 candidate reference genes (TUA, TUB, ACTIN, F-box, PP2A, RPL19, RPL36 and RPL41) from Phalaenopsis. The results showed that the most stable reference gene was PP2A, followed by ACTIN. And, the most unstable was F-box, followed by TUA. Using PP2A of Phalaenopsis (PhPP2Aa) as the reference gene to explore transcriptional profile of the target gene PhNAC1, the results demonstrated that the expression pattern of PhNAC1 was consistent with its characterize under cold stress. Therefore, PhPP2Aa can be used as the internal reference gene for the analysis of target gene in Phalaenopsis under low-temperature stress.

蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)是真核生物体内一种主要的细胞内源丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶。PP2A在植物体内参与多种激素信号转导途径,由PP2A介导的蛋白去磷酸化在植物生物、非生物胁迫调控中发挥重要作用[1-4]。此外,PP2A还参与植物细胞的油脂代谢[5]和氮代谢[6]、光信号途径[7]及开花时间调控过程[8]等。PP2A由65kDa结构亚基A、36kDa催化亚基C和多种功能特异的调节亚基B组成,保守的A亚基和C亚基形成二聚体核心酶,再与高度变异的B亚基构成具有生物活性的全酶[9]。每个亚基都有多个基因编码,在拟南芥中,有3种A亚基、17种B亚基和5种C亚基[10]。A亚基由一系列保守的α螺旋重复序列组成,而且提供与B亚基和C亚基的结合位点[11]。在植物中A亚基(PP2Aa)由一到数个基因编码,在拟南芥中编码A亚基的基因有3个,分别为RCN1PP2AA2PP2AA3,其中RCN1在ABA信号转导的早期起正调控作用,并影响生长素的转运[12]。有研究表明RCN1参与植物胁迫响应[13],当RCN1功能缺失时,PP2AA2PP2AA3才发挥生物学作用[14]
蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis spp.)原产于热带亚热带地区,性喜暖畏寒,在我国北方地区种植时,低温成为影响其正常生长的重要环境因子。因此,耐冷性资源和基因挖掘是蝴蝶兰育种工作的重要目标之一。在蝴蝶兰耐冷性基因筛选过程中,实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)是较为常用的技术手段,而qPCR技术的应用前提之一是合适内参基因的选择。目前在蝴蝶兰内参基因筛选及低温条件下目的基因表达水平研究中,尚未见到关于低温生长条件下最佳内参基因选择的有关报道。传统的内参基因很多,本研究从低温转录组文库中,筛选表达相对稳定的3个常用内参基因TUATUBACTIN及5个新型内参基因PP2AF-boxRPL19RPL36RPL41作为候选内参基因,采用3个常用内参基因分析软件geNorm[15]、NormFinder[16]和BestKeeper[17]对这8个候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行分析,并用蝴蝶兰低温胁迫响应基因PhNAC1作为验证[18]。该结果为蝴蝶兰低温胁迫条件下基因表达分析及功能研究奠定基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

在温室大棚内选取同生长期的2年生蝴蝶兰品种‘大辣椒’(Phalaenopsis hybrid ‘Big Chili’),于植物人工气候箱中正常温度26℃/22℃预培养15 d(培养条件:光照60 μmol/(m2·s),光暗比12 h/12 h,相对湿度70%~90%),然后低温胁迫处理不同时间,每个处理3株,设3次生物学重复。低温胁迫处理方法:采用模拟自然状态逐步降温法,即先昼夜温度20℃/16℃处理3 d,然后16℃/11℃处理3 d,最后11℃/6℃处理7 d;每一次温度的变化均采用每小时升高或降低1℃的方式。
以正常生长温度的叶片为对照1(CK1)取样,16℃/11℃处理3 d后为对照2(CK2)取样,于11℃/6℃处理后1 d(T1)、2 d(T2)、3 d(T3)、5 d(T5)和7 d(T7)取样。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 蝴蝶兰PP2A基因序列分析

根据蝴蝶兰低温胁迫条件下叶片转录组测序结果,获得一条蝴蝶兰PP2A基因,在其ORF区两端设计引物并克隆全长序列,利用DNAMAN软件比对其推导的氨基端序列的同源性,用Clustal X和MEGA构建该基因的系统进化树分析进化关系。

1.2.2 候选内参基因的实时荧光定量分析

根据低温转录组测序结果,挑选8个候选内参基因,其readcount值在不同处理时间中相对稳定。分别设计qPCR引物,如表1所示。利用SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM II对不同高温胁迫处理时间后各基因表达情况进行qPCR反应检测,反应总体系为20.0 μL,其中2×SYBR Premix Ex Taq II 10.0 μL,引物F和R各0.8 μL,cDNA 模板2.0 μL;ddH2O 6.4 μL;反应条件为:95℃预变性30 s;95℃变性15 s,58℃退火15 s,72℃延伸15 s,共40个循环。qPCR反应在Eppendorf Mastercycler ep realplex2荧光定量PCR仪上进行,每个样品3次重复,并做阴性对照。PCR反应完成后,经仪器自动分析,查看每个基因的扩增情况,并导出相应的Ct值。
表1 引物序列及用途

Tab. 1 Sequence and usage of primers

引物
Primer
序列(5°-3°)
Sequence (5°-3°)
产物Products/bp 用途
Usage
PhPP2Aa-F TTTGAGYGATTTGTGAAGGC 1859 ORF的克隆
PhPP2Aa-R TGGAAAAAMATAACAGCAGG
qTUA-F AAGCCATTTACGACATCTGCC 100 荧光定量内参基因引物
qTUA-R GTGGTCAAGGATGAAATTATCTGAG
qTUB-F GCCTAAGGTCTCGGATACTGTT 187
qTUB-R GCTCATGGTGGCAGATATGA
qACTIN-F GTTCTTTCCCTATATGCTAGTGGC 115
qACTIN-R GAAGGATGGCATGAGGAAGTG
qF-box-F AAACGGGTGGCTGAATCTG 182
qF-box-R CCCATAACAGGGAGGTATTTTC
qPP2A-F TCTGTTGGCTGTGGAAGGAT 186
qPP2A-R AAATCCGACCTGGTAGTTTCTG
qRPL19-F AGAGCAAAGCAAGCAGGGA 119
qRPL19-R AGACTCTGCGGTTTGGGGT
qRPL36-F ACGGGTCTTTTTGTTGGGC 197
qRPL36-R AACGCACGCTTATCCTTCC
qRPL41-F TGCCGCTGGGTTTGATAA 123
qRPL41-R TGGGCTTGCAGTTCTTTCC
qPhNAC1-F ATCTGAACAAGTGCGAGCCT 155 目的基因检测
qPhNAC1-R ATCCTTACCAGTTGCCTTCC

1.2.3 候选内参基因表达稳定性分析

根据得到的各个候选内参基因的Ct值,利用分析软件GeNorm、Bestkeeper和NormFinder对8个候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行分析,筛选蝴蝶兰低温生长条件下的最适内参基因。

1.2.4 内参基因标准曲线的制作

取等量不同低温处理时间叶片的7个cDNA样品,混合均匀作为标准品,分别稀释10倍、100倍、1000倍和10 000倍及未稀释样品作为5个梯度,分别以5个梯度的cDNA为模板,以表1中设计的引物进行qPCR反应,20.0 μL反应体系配置及反应条件同1.2.2。

1.2.5 蝴蝶兰PhNAC1基因在低温条件下的表达

以蝴蝶兰PP2A基因作为内参基因,以ACTIN为对照,检测NAC域蛋白基因PhNAC1在蝴蝶兰低温胁迫条件下不同处理时间叶片中的表达特性分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa基因的克隆与序列分析

以蝴蝶兰叶片提取的cDNA第一链为模板,克隆得到PP2A基因目的片段1859 bp,ORF区全长为1764 bp,编码587个氨基酸。将蝴蝶兰PP2A基因序列进行BLAST比对分析,结果发现蝴蝶兰与小兰屿蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis equestris,XM_ 020743358.1)PP2A核苷酸序列有31个不同碱基,序列相似性为99.15%;与铁皮石斛(Dendrobium catenatum,XM_020819773.1)序列相似性为93.82%;与油棕(Elaeis guineensis,XM_ 010943973.2)、凤梨(Ananas comosus,XM_0202 44641.1)、海枣(Phoenix dactylifera,XM_0087 84816.3)等植物序列相似性均在80%以上。表明该基因为编码PP2A的A亚基的β基因,因此命名为PhPP2Aa,GenBank登录号为MW847782。
将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与NCBI中其他9种相似度较高的植物PP2A蛋白进行多序列比对,结果发现PhPP2Aa与小兰屿蝴蝶兰PP2A氨基酸序列有1个不同,序列相似性为99.66%,在第353位的氨基酸由D(天冬氨酸)变为E(谷氨酸)。与其他8种植物的氨基酸序列有多个位点不同,其中在第55位氨基酸由E变为D,第314位氨基酸由Q(谷氨酰胺)变为E,第322位氨基酸由P(脯氨酸)变为T(苏氨酸)(图1)。
图1 蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他植物PP2A的多序列比对

Fig. 1 Alignments of the deduced amino acid of PhPP2Aa with other PP2A

在NCBI上下载了其他19种植物PP2A基因的氨基酸序列与蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa的序列共同构建系统进化树,结果见图2。由图2可知,这些植物的PP2A氨基酸序列明显分为2个大分支,蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa(Phalaenopsis hydrid,MW847782)与小兰屿蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis equestris,XM_020743358.1)的PP2A进化关系最近,其次是兰科植物的铁皮石斛(Dendrobium catenatum,XM_020819771.2),三者处于同一个进化分支;与玉米(Zea mays,XM_008650108.2)、水稻(Oryza sativa,AJ243828.1)、油棕(Elaeis guineensis,XM_010930760.2)等单子叶植物均处于一个大分支;而另一个大分支为罂粟(Papaver somniferum,XM_026547132.1)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera,XM_010266882.2)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera,XM_002276144.4)、陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum,XM_016854089.1)等双子叶植物。表明PP2A基因的进化在单双子叶植物中具有高度的保守性。
图2 蝴蝶兰PhPP2Aa与其他PP2A蛋白系统进化树

Fig. 2 Phylogentic tree of PhPP2Aa and some other PP2A proteins

2.2 蝴蝶兰候选内参基因的表达稳定性分析

图3可知,蝴蝶兰的8个候选内参基因PCR结果条带单一,扩增产物大小位置与预期结果一致,且扩增曲线显示均为单峰,表明所设计的引物可用于目的基因的qPCR分析。
图3 蝴蝶兰候选内参基因的qPCR扩增结果

Fig. 3 Specificity of candidate reference genes from Phalaenopsis for qPCR amplification

8个候选内参基因在蝴蝶兰低温处理不同时间下的表达Ct值在19.11~27.55之间(图4A),其中以ACTINCt值最小,表达丰度最高;TUBCt值最大,表达丰度最低(图4B)。
图4 蝴蝶兰候选内参基因在低温不同处理时间下的Ct平均值

A:Ct平均值分布图;B:Ct平均值箱式图。

Fig. 4 Average Ct values of candidate reference genes form Phalaenopsis at different periods of cold treatment

A: Ct distributions of candidate reference genes; B: Ct values of candidate reference genes.

采用3个常用软件geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper对8个候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行分析。geNorm和NormFinder是根据M值判断,M值越小,表明基因稳定性越高;M值越大,稳定性越低。BestKeeper是根据SD±CV值来判断,SD值越小,表明该基因稳定性越高。如表2所示,geNorm和NormFinder分析结果均表明,ACTINPP2AM值最小,稳定性最高,其次为PRL19。BestKeeper分析结果表明,PP2ASD值最小,稳定性最高,其次为ACTIN。3个软件的分析结果均表明最不稳定的内参基因是F-box,其次是TUA。综合分析表明,蝴蝶兰8个候选内参基因在低温胁迫条件下表达水平最稳定的内参基因是PP2A,其次是ACTIN
表2 蝴蝶兰候选内参基因稳定性分析

Tab. 2 Expression stability analysis of candidate reference genes from Phalaenopsis

排序
Rank
geNorm NormFinder BestKeeper
基因Gene MM value 基因Gene MM value 基因Gene SD CV
1 ACTIN/PP2A 0.191 ACTIN/PP2A 0.067 PP2A 0.40 1.77
2 RPL19 0.235 RPL19 0.149 ACTIN 0.43 2.17
3 RPL41 0.264 RPL36 0.157 RPL19 0.45 1.98
4 RPL36 0.292 TUB 0.215 RPL41 0.46 1.89
5 TUB 0.318 RPL41 0.243 RPL36 0.48 2.30
6 TUA 0.441 TUA 0.517 TUB 0.65 2.43
7 F-box 0.581 F-box 0.657 TUA 0.77 3.08
8 F-box 0.82 3.44

2.3 蝴蝶兰PP2A基因标准曲线的制作

由实时荧光定量PCR仪自动生成熔解曲线和标准曲线。结果显示,PP2A基因的qPCR熔解曲线均为单峰,表明所设计的引物具有特异性,产物单一;PP2A基因的qPCR标准曲线为y= -3.299x+20.17,扩增效率为101%,相关系数为0.999。

2.4 蝴蝶兰PP2A基因作为内参基因检测低温下PhNAC1表达量

以蝴蝶兰PP2A为内参基因,检测PhNAC1基因在低温处理不同时期叶片中的表达情况,以常用的ACTIN基因为对照。结果表明,蝴蝶兰在11℃/6℃低温处理条件下,PhNAC1基因相对表达量在CK2(低温驯化阶段后)中明显上升;当逐步降温过程结束进行11℃/6℃处理1 d后(T1),表达量开始下降,之后又逐渐升高,第5天时(T5)达到最高。PhNAC1基因在2个蝴蝶兰品种中不同低温处理时间下的相对表达水平,与以ACTIN为内参基因时基因表达量变化总体趋势基本一致(图5)。表明以PP2A为内参基因进行相关基因分析结果是可靠的。
图5 蝴蝶兰PhNAC1基因在低温胁迫条件下的表达特性

Fig. 5 Expression level of PhNAC1 from Phalaenopsis under low temperature stress

3 讨论

由于qPCR具有简单、灵敏度高、准确、快速等优点被广泛应用于目的基因转录水平研究[19]。应用过程中为了保证结果的可重复性和准确性,有很多需要遵循的原则,其中最基本的先决条件就是使用可靠的内参基因[20]。理想的内参基因要求能不受RNA量及各种实验条件和环境的影响,但是大量研究表明即使是被广泛运用的内参基因,其表达水平也会随着物种、组织及处理的不同而不同,没有一种内参基因被证明可在任何条件下均表达稳定[21]。因此,在进行目的基因表达水平研究时,首先筛选在特定条件下合适的内参基因是一项重要的任务。虽然蝴蝶兰的内参基因研究已有报道[22],但只研究了蝴蝶兰在正常温度下营养生长及生殖生长过程中目的基因研究的最适内参基因,尚未见到温度胁迫下内参基因研究的相关报道。
较早使用的内参基因主要是看家基因,如ACTINTUATUB、GAPDH、18S等,近年来又有很多新的内参基因的相关研究,如PP2AF-boxRPL等。有报道表明ACTIN在甘草及海州常山干旱条件下[23-24]、板蓝根ABA处理条件下[25]及冬油菜冷胁迫条件下的表达均最为稳定[26]ACTINRPL在香蕉温度胁迫时表达最稳定[27];TUB在早熟禾低温胁迫下的根中表达最稳定[28]。在甘薯、黄梁木及海州常山盐胁迫条件下的研究表明RPL的表达最稳定[24,29 -30],并指出TUBACTIN虽然被广泛使用,但在甘薯不同品种中的研究表明其表达并不是最稳定的[20]。大豆在镉胁迫条件下,ACTIN3PP2AF-box的表达最稳定,TUB表达最不稳定[31];在山胡椒中的研究表明,F-boxTUA在不同组织及果实发育期表达最稳定[32]PP2A作为内参基因的应用已有许多报道,如作为油菜成熟胚中目的基因表达研究的内参基因[33]、橄榄的中果皮[34]、鹰嘴豆不同组织中[35]、生菜生长发育过程中[36]、鼠尾草的生殖阶段[37]、狗尾草[38]、白杨的不定根再生阶段[39]。由此可见,不同物种、不同条件或组织,最佳内参基因是不同的。因此,本研究从8个候选内参基因中,利用常用的3种内参基因分析软件,筛选出PP2A基因作为研究蝴蝶兰在低温条件下目的基因表达功能研究的内参基因,其次为ACTIN基因。也有相关报道PP2A作为低温胁迫条件下的最佳内参基因,如对葡茎剪股颖在冷胁迫条件下内参基因表达情况的研究表明,最佳内参基因为PP2ACACS的联合使用[40]
本研究获得了蝴蝶兰PP2A基因的全长序列,经BLAST比对发现PhPP2Aa与其他植物PP2A核苷酸序列相似性在80%以上。系统进化分析表明,蝴蝶兰与小兰屿蝴蝶兰的PP2A基因氨基酸序列完全相同,与兰科植物铁皮石斛的亲缘关系最近,三者处于同一进化分支。以往的研究表明,蝴蝶兰PhNAC1基因在低温胁迫条件下表达量会逐渐升高,本研究用PhNAC1基因验证PP2A作为内参基因的稳定性,同时以常用内参基因ACTIN为对照,结果发现,以PP2AACTIN为内参基因时,PhNAC1基因在蝴蝶兰不同低温处理时间下的相对表达水平变化总体趋势基本一致,表明以PP2A为内参基因进行相关基因分析结果是可靠的。综上所述,通过对蝴蝶兰PP2A基因的表达稳定性分析及验证,表明该基因在蝴蝶兰正常生长温度及低温胁迫条件下,不同时间的叶片中均能稳定表达,说明PP2A基因可作为蝴蝶兰低温胁迫条件下的内参基因使用,为研究蝴蝶兰低温胁迫条件下相关基因的表达特性分析、耐冷性资源及基因挖掘奠定基础。
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