1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.2 方法
表1 实验所用干燥方式及条件Tab. 1 Drying methods and conditions used in experiment |
| 干燥方式 Drying methods | 干燥条件 Drying conditions | 耗能 Energy consumption | 耗时 Time consumption |
|---|---|---|---|
| 风干 | 放置在阴凉有风处进行自然风干,温度28 ℃±2 ℃,湿度42%,铺板厚度不超过5 cm。 | 0 | 6 d |
| 晒干 | 放置在太阳可照射处进行太阳干燥,温度33 ℃±2 ℃,湿度45%,铺板厚度不超过5 cm。 | 0 | 30 h |
| 烘干 | 放置在电热鼓风干燥箱进行热风干燥,温度50 ℃,电热功率1.8 kW,铺板厚度不超过5 cm。 | 1.5×105 kJ | 23.5 h |
| 微波 | 放置在微波干燥箱进行微波干燥,功率1040 W,温度100 ℃,铺板厚度不超过5 cm。 | 2.1×103 kJ | 24 min |
| 冻干 | 预冻24 h后,放置在真空冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥,功率0.92 kW,冻干温度为-76 ℃。铺板厚度不超过5 cm。 | 1.3×105 kJ | 3 d |
1.3 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 干燥方式对槟榔外观形态的影响
2.2 干燥方式对槟榔皮层活性成分的影响
表2 干燥方式对槟榔皮中总黄酮、总酚和槟榔碱含量的影响Tab. 2 Effects of drying methods on contents of total flavonoids, total phenols and arecoline in A. catechu L. |
| 干燥方式 Drying methods | 水分含量 Moisture content/% | 总黄酮含量 Total flavonoids content/(mg·g-1) | 总酚含量 Total phenols content/(mg·g-1) | 槟榔碱含量 Arecoline content/(mg·g-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 风干 | 5.68 | 9.76±0.392d | 9.76±0.026b | 0.14±0.006a |
| 晒干 | 5.92 | 9.07±0.257c | 9.76±0.023b | 0.25±0.011c |
| 烘干 | 5.73 | 9.82±0.311d | 9.73±0.035b | 0.31±0.012d |
| 微波 | 5.17 | 11.57±0.110e | 11.66±0.026d | 0.19±0.009b |
| 冻干 | 5.55 | 11.95±0.265e | 10.81±0.020c | 0.24±0.006c |
| 新鲜 | 78.05 | 4.38±0.191a | 8.38±0.015a | 0.36±0.005e |
注:同一列不同小写字母表示不同干燥方式间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference among different soil water contents (P<0.05). |
表3 不同干燥方式中槟榔主要挥发性成分的比较Tab. 3 Comparison of different drying methods on main volatile components of A. catechu L. |
| 序号 No. | 成分 Compounds | 保留指数RI | 相对含量 Relative content/(μg·g-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实验值 Lab. | 参考值 Ref. | 风干 Air dry | 冻干 Freeze drying | 晒干 Sun drying | 烘干 Hot air drying | 微波 Microwave drying | ||
| 1 | hexanoic acid 己酸 | 996 | 997 | 10.23±0.94b | 8.28±1.42a | ND | ND | ND |
| 2 | nonanal 壬醛 | 1101 | 1102 | 5.59±0.53d | 1.51±0.36a | 1.73±0.42bc | 1.82±0.48c | 1.62±0.45ab |
| 3 | methyl octanoate 辛酸甲酯 | 1125 | 1126 | 2.43±0.22a | 8.99±0.20d | 3.31±0.16b | 6.74±0.18c | ND |
| 4 | methyl nonanoate 壬酸甲酯 | 1225 | 1225 | 2.11±0.09a | 3.90±0.18c | 2.12±0.34a | 2.95±0.11b | ND |
| 5 | arecoline 槟榔碱 | 1234 | 1236 | 37.56±1.60a | 194.24±4.48c | 149.72±5.36b | 229.08±6.27d | 424.34±8.71e |
| 6 | nonanoic acid 壬酸 | 1272 | 1272 | 3.27±0.21b | 0.95±0.18a | 1.08±0.23a | ND | ND |
| 7 | methyl decanoate癸酸甲酯 | 1323 | 1325 | 6.46±0.18b | 11.62±0.24d | 5.17±0.22a | 9.99±0.17c | ND |
| 8 | decanoic acid 癸酸 | 1335 | 1336 | 6.96±0.65c | 4.54±0.66b | 2.12±0.58a | 4.32±0.42b | 2.23±0.61a |
| 9 | vanillin 香草醛 | 1406 | 1409 | 5.49±0.26d | 1.19±0.53a | 2.63±0.28b | 3.01±0.89c | 5.57±0.69d |
| 10 | methyl dodecylate 月桂酸甲酯 | 1594 | 1597 | 10.33±0.49b | 19.58±0.31d | 9.75±0.35a | 14.34±0.28c | ND |
| 11 | tetradecanal 肉豆蔻醛 | 1611 | 1614 | 32.81±1.55e | 2.47±0.47a | 14.67±1.85b | 17.68±1.99c | 20.27±1.51d |
| 12 | tetradecanoic acid 肉豆蔻酸 | 1760 | 1763 | 12.34±1.27c | 9.04±1.31a | 9.16±0.92a | 10.15±0.83b | 9.49±0.63a |
| 13 | methyl tetradecanoate 肉豆蔻酸甲酯 | 1793 | 1793 | 32.81±0.87b | 43.53±1.22c | 25.19±0.98a | 34.81±1.33b | ND |
| 14 | methyl pentadecanoate 十五酸甲酯 | 1820 | 1820 | 30.18±0.82d | 15.99±0.69b | 15.27±0.66b | 27.67±0.24c | 2.97±0.26a |
| 15 | methyl hexadecanoate 棕榈酸甲酯 | 1926 | 1926 | 104.24±2.63c | 112.36±2.74d | 89.07±2.39b | 100.63±2.58c | 11.15±0.57a |
| 16 | hexadecanoic acid 棕榈酸 | 1964 | 1964 | 68.26±2.36e | 36.13±1.44b | 62.09±1.54d | 40.69±1.50c | 19.56±0.92a |
| 17 | ethyl hexadecanoate 棕榈酸乙酯 | 1994 | 1994 | 5.38±0.33a | 5.65±0.47a | 22.24±0.72d | 14.27±0.59c | 10.14±0.83b |
| 18 | methyl heptadecanoate十七酸甲酯 | 2023 | 2024 | 43.58±1.24d | 23.32±0.38b | 23.31±0.79b | 28.15±0.71c | 14.29±0.94a |
| 19 | methyl linoleate 亚油酸甲酯 | 2092 | 2093 | 46.64±1.26b | 63.02±1.39c | 76.34±1.78e | 71.13±1.46d | 14.90±0.66a |
| 20 | methyl oleate 油酸甲酯 | 2104 | 2106 | ND | 44.56±0.52c | 48.86±1.80d | 37.67±0.90b | 6.88±0.75a |
| 21 | methyl linolenate 亚麻酸甲酯 | 2123 | 2125 | ND | 45.36±0.48b | 41.82±1.88a | 44.00±1.68b | ND |
| 22 | methyl stearate 硬脂酸甲酯 | 2137 | 2138 | ND | 21.72±0.49b | 13.74±0.69a | 13.88±0.53a | ND |
| 总量 | 466.67±17.5 | 677.95±20.16 | 619.39±58.59 | 712.98±23.14 | 543.41±17.53 | |||
注:同一列不同小写字母表示不同干燥方式间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference among different soil water contents (P<0.05). |
2.3 干燥方式对槟榔抗氧化能力的影响
表4 不同干燥方式后槟榔皮提取物的抗氧化活性Tab. 4 Antioxidant activity of different drying methods on extraction of A. catechu L. |
| 干燥方式 Drying methods | IC50/(mg·mL-1) | TEAC/(mmol·L-1) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH法 | ABTS法 | FRAP法 | |
| 风干 | 1.18±0.08d | 0.34±0.06d | 108.07±6.543d |
| 晒干 | 1.16±0.09d | 0.35±0.05d | 98.53±4.623bc |
| 烘干 | 1.37±0.04e | 0.32±0.04cd | 94.00±4.911b |
| 微波 | 0.82±0.03b | 0.15±0.03b | 157.93±3.101e |
| 冻干 | 1.09±0.08c | 0.29±0.06c | 106.07±5.515cd |
| 新鲜 | 1.93±0.12f | 0.56±0.03e | 52.93±6.395a |
| BHT | 0.59±0.02a | 0.08±0.03a | 152.27±2.810e |
注:同一列不同小写字母表示不同干燥方式间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。 | |
Note: The lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference among different soil water contents (P<0.05). |
