1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.2 方法
表1 咖啡豆烘焙曲线表Tab. 1 Coffee roasting curve chart |
| 时间 Time/min | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 温度/℃ | 180 | 108.3 | 102.9 | 117.8 | 134.2 | 148.2 | 160.2 | 169.9 | 178.3 | 185.9 | 192.7 |
| 关键点 | 回温点 | 转黄点 | 一爆开始 | 一爆结束 | 出炉 | ||||||
| 时间 | 1°40 | 5°10 | 8°45 | 10°20 | 10°35 | ||||||
| 温度/℃ | 98.8 | 153.6 | 186.5 | 196.3 | 198 |
1.3 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 果胶酶制剂的最佳经济浓度选择
表2 果胶酶浓度对咖啡脱胶时间的影响Tab. 2 Effect of pectinase concentrations on pectin removing time |
| 果胶酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 脱胶时间 Pectin removing time/h |
|---|---|
| 0.00 | 46 |
| 0.01 | 13 |
| 0.10 | 7 |
| 1.00 | 3 |
2.2 温度对果胶酶脱胶时间的影响
表3 温度对果胶酶脱胶时间的影响Tab. 3 Effect of temperature on pectin removing time |
| 处理时段 Treatment period | 果胶酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 2017-11-05 | 2017-12-11 | 2018-01-30 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均温度 Average temperature/℃ | 脱胶时间 Removing time /h | 平均温度 Average temperature/℃ | 脱胶时间 Removing time /h | 平均温度 Average temperature/℃ | 脱胶时间 Removing time /h | ||
| 白天 | 0.01 | 21 | 15 | 25 | 10 | 27 | 9 |
| 晚上 | 0.01 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 13 |
2.3 鲜果成熟度对果胶脱胶时间的影响
表4 鲜果成熟度对果胶酶脱胶时间的影响Tab. 4 Effect of fresh fruit pipness on pectin removing time |
| 研究鲜果 Experiment of fresh coffee fruits | 鲜果平均含糖量 The average sugar contains of fresh coffee fruits/% | 果胶酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 脱胶时间 Removing time/h |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过熟果 | 18 | 0.01 | 3 |
| 全红果 | 17 | 0.01 | 8 |
| 青果 | 12 | 0.01 | 15 |
| 混果 | 13 | 0.01 | 7 |
2.4 生咖啡豆水分的测定
表5 生咖啡豆的水分测定Tab. 5 Water content in raw coffee green beans |
| 酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 水分含量 Moisture content/% |
|---|---|
| 0.00 | 11.2±1.22a |
| 0.01 | 11.3±0.95a |
| 0.10 | 11.3±1.06a |
| 1.00 | 11.5±1.12a |
Note: The same lowercase letters in the same column indicate no significant difference at the 0.05 level (data is expressed as mean ±standard deviation, n=3). | |
注:同列相同小写字母表示在 0.05 水平上差异不显著(数据为平均值±标准偏差,重复数 n=3)。 |
2.5 咖啡熟豆主要理化成分分析
表6 果胶酶脱胶熟咖啡豆的主要理化成分分析Tab. 6 Analysis of main physical and chemical components of roasted coffee beans treated with pectinase |
| 酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 灰分 Ash/[g·(100 g)-1] | 脂肪 Fat/[g·(100 g)-1] | 蛋白质 Protein/[g·(100 g)-1] | 总糖 Total sugar/% | 咖啡因 Caffein/(mg·L-1) | 绿原酸 Chlorogenicacid/[g·(100 g)-1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 4.40±1.26a | 13.22±1.26a | 16.35±1.31a | 0.62±1.36a | 49.17±1.31a | 2.21±1.51a |
| 0.01 | 4.40±1.29a | 13.63±1.18a | 16.31±1.34a | 0.62±1.21a | 48.69±1.31a | 2.04±1.03a |
| 0.10 | 4.30±0.96a | 14.02±1.71a | 16.25±0.98a | 0.58±1.13a | 46.70±1.31a | 2.18±0.97a |
| 1.00 | 4.30±0.86a | 14.55±1.79a | 16.01±0.76a | 0.54±0.61a | 46.46±1.31a | 1.79±1.27b |
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level (data is expressed as mean±standard deviation, n=3). | |
注:同列不同小写字母表示在 0.05 水平上差异显著(数据为平均值±标准偏差,重复数n=3)。 |
2.6 添加果胶酶脱胶后咖啡熟豆的杯品质量分析
表7 果胶酶脱胶对咖啡杯品质量的影响Tab. 7 Effects of beans treated with pectinase on coffee cup quality characteristics |
| 酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 评价员 Assessor | 干香/湿香 Fragrance/ Aroma | 风味 Flavor | 余韵 Aftertaste | 酸度 Acidity | 醇厚度 Body | 平衡感 Balance | 甜度 Sweetness | 一致性Uniformity | 干净度 Clean Cup | 整体评价 Overall | 总分 Total score | 平均分 Averagescore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 1 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 81.00 | 80.88 |
| 2 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 81.00 | ||
| 3 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 81.00 | ||
| 4 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.50 | ||
| 5 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.25 | ||
| 6 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.75 | ||
| 0.01 | 1 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.50 | 81.75 | 81.42 |
| 2 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 81.50 | ||
| 3 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.50 | 81.50 | ||
| 4 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 81.25 | ||
| 5 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 81.25 | ||
| 6 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 81.25 | ||
| 0.10 | 1 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 80.75 | 80.63 |
| 2 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.25 | ||
| 3 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 80.50 | ||
| 4 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 81.00 | ||
| 5 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.50 | ||
| 6 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 80.75 | ||
| 1.00 | 1 | 7.00 | 6.75 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.25 | 79.75 | 79.54 |
| 2 | 6.75 | 6.50 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 79.25 | ||
| 3 | 7.00 | 6.75 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 6.75 | 79.75 | ||
| 4 | 7.00 | 6.75 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 79.50 | ||
| 5 | 7.00 | 6.75 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 6.75 | 79.50 | ||
| 6 | 7.00 | 6.75 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 79.50 |
2.7 添加果胶酶脱胶后经济效益评估
表8 自然发酵脱胶与果胶酶脱胶成本比较Tab. 8 Cost comparison of between natural fermentation and pectinase used |
| 实验处理 Treatment | 果胶酶添加量 Pectinase added/% | 脱胶时间 Removing tim/h | 耗水量(豆/水) Water consumption (Coffee/Water) | 人工 Labour/(one·d-1) | 成本 Cost/(yuan·t-1) | 节约成本 Saving cost/ (yuan·t-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 传统自然发酵脱胶 | 0 | 46 | 1:3 | 3 | 300 | 0 |
| 果胶酶脱胶 | 0.01 | 13 | 1:1 | 1 | 120 | 180 |
Note: The price of Pectinex Ultra SP-l pectinase is 200 yuan/L, the processing water is 20 yuan/t, and each labor is 80 yuan per day. | |
注:Pectinex Ultra SP-L果胶酶的价格为200元/L,加工用水按20元/t计,每个人工按80元每天计。 |
