Welcome to Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,
2025 Volume 46 Issue 3
Published: 25 March 2025
  
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    Omics & Biotechnology
  • Omics & Biotechnology
    LI Ji, WANG Qiurun, GUO Lixin, YANG Hongli, ZHOU Quannan, WU Rizhi, $\boxed{\hbox{HUA Yuwei}}$, CHENG Jing, HUANG Tiandai
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    Plant flowering induction is strictly controlled by key regulatory factors of endogenous and environmental signals, which consist of at least 6 closely interlinked but divergent genetic regulation pathways. As an important member of the Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) family, Flowering Locus T (FT), plays a key role in different pathways. There are two FT genes in hevea, ectopic overexpression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco can promote early flowering. Quantitative expression analysis of hevea leaves in different months of one year showed that the expression of the two genes was different, and HbFT2 may be a candidate gene. In this study, 35S::HbFT1 and 35S::HbFT2 were transferred into rubber tree by the method of somatic embryo genetic transformation, and 2 and 3 positive embryos were obtained, respectively, and identified as positive by GUS staining. Plants that were directly regenerated by positive embryos or regenerated after secondary somatic embryo propagation were expanded by bud grafting. There were 4 and 7 overexpressing transgenic positive plants of HbFT1 and HbFT2, respectively, but no flowering was seen after 7 years of field planting. The transgenic plants were confirmed as positive plants by both PCR and GUS staining. qRT-PCR analysis of inducing flowering genes of HbFT1 and HbFT2 and inhibiting flowering genes of HbTFL1/CEN showed that the expression of HbFT1 in 35S::HbFT1 positive plants was significantly higher than that of wild-type control, and the expression of HbFT2 gene was relatively low. The expression results of HbFT2 in 35S::HbFT2 positive plants showed that only two were significantly higher than that in the control, and the other 5 plants were not different from the control, and the expression of HbFT1 gene was relatively low. Although the expression of HbFT1 in 35S::HbFT1 positive plants was significantly higher than that in the control, the differences between the progeny obtained from the same positive embryos were also significant, and the expression of HbFT2 in two 35S::HbFT2 positive plants were significant too, which was speculated to be related to the chimerism of embryo transformation. The expression analysis of inhibitory flowering genes showed that the expression of some inhibitory flowering genes was significantly higher than that of FT genes. It was speculated that the early flowering phenotype was not realized because of the high expression of inhibitory flowering genes, and the balanced regulation of FT/TFL1 also existed in hevea.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    YANG Xiangyan, CAI Yuanbao, ZENG Liming, YANG Weihai, LIN Yuhong, WU Fumin, ZHAO Yuan, HU Ling
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    CCCH-type zinc finger protein plays an important regulatory role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. In this study, a zinc finger protein gene MiZFP11 was isolated from macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) variety JW and Guire No.1 by RT-PCR, and the structural characteristics and subcellular localization of its encoded protein was analyzed. Expression levels of MiZFP11 in drought and high temperature treatments and the tissues of macadamia were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. RT-PCR cloning showed that a new gene MiZFP11 from macadamia was highly homologous to CCCH zinc finger protein genes, with GenBank registration number MT332641. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that MiZFP11 belonged to C3H13 subclass zinc finger protein with an LCCL domain at relatively conservative C-terminus. Analysis of protein basic properties indicated that MiZFP11 was an unstable hydrophilic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane segment, which was mainly phosphorylated with serine. Protein structure analysis showed that the secondary and tertiary structures of MiZFP11 were mainly composed of random coil, α-helix and extended strand. Transient expression of tobacco leaves and the confocal microscopy detection indicated that MiZFP11 was localized in the nucleus, which was consistent with the subcellular localization predicted results. qRT-PCR analysis showed that expression of MiZFP11 gene was highest in leaves of macadamia variety JW and Guire No.1, next was in roots, small flowers and small fruits, with the lowest in stems. Under drought stress for 1-36 hours, expression level of MiZFP11 gene in leaves increased with an “up-down-up-down” pattern in JW and an “up-down” pattern in Guire No.1. Under high temperature stress for 1-36 hours, expression level of MiZFP11 in leaves increased with “up-down” patterns in JW and Guire No.1, and expression level in JW was significantly higher than that of Guire No.1. Therefore, MiZFP11 was significantly expressed in different tissues of macadamia, and was significantly up-regulated under drought and high temperature stresses, which speculated that MiZFP11 gene plays an important role in the growth and development of macadamia tissues and the response to drought and high temperature stresses.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    FAN Xiaokang, FAN Songle, LIU Mingyang, GUO Bingbing, YANG Hong, DAI Longjun, ZHANG Yu, WANG Lifeng
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    Plant bHLH transcription factor is one of the key factor of ethylene and jasmonic acid hormone signal transduction pathway, and plays an important role in the yield formation and latex flow in rubber trees. A bHLH transcription factor was cloned from the leaves of Reyan73397 designed as HbbHLH48 (GenBank: PQ303617), with a total length of 1128 bp encoding 375 amino acids. Its encoded protein has the highest similarity to Arabidopsis AtbHLH48, and belongs to the XVII subgroup. Bioinformatics analysis showed that it contained the bHLH_SF superfamily domain, but did not contain the transmembrane domain and signal peptide. The expression levels in flowers, leaves and latex were higher than those in roots and stems. Mechanical injury treatment down-regulated its expression in tapping trees. Methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and ethephon treatments initially significantly upregulate their expression and then downregulate it, while the expression pattern with gibberellin treatment is opposite to them. Subcellular localization analysis revealed it to be in the nucleus. It can be seen that HbbHLH48 is a member of the plant bHLH transcription factor family, and its function in Hevea brasiliensis may be involved in the gibberellin process, thereby regulating the flowering process and latex biosynthesis process, laying the foundation for further in-depth research.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    WANG Wenting, REN Chi, DING Jianhua, JING Enrong, LU Qiuwei
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    Dickeya fangzhongdai is one of the main pathogens causing the devastating disease (soft rot disease) of Orchidaceae. Pathogenic genes play a crucial role in the infection process. Dickeya fangzhongdai Onc5 was isolated from the diseased plant (Oncidium, Gower Ramsey) in Fujian province. Pathogenic gene play an important role in the interaction between pathogens and plants. The purpose of this study was to larify the molecular biological characteristics of D. fangzhongdai Onc5 vfmE gene and analysis its role in the infection process, so as to provide theretical basis for further reveal the pathogenic mechanism of D. fangzhongdai Onc5 vfmE gene in the infection process. Using the D. fangzhongdai Onc5 DNA as template, of vfmE gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its bioinformatics were analyzed. The expression of vfmE gene was analyzed during D. fangzhongdai Onc5 infecting Oncidium by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The result showed that the ORF sequence of vfmE gene was 564 bp, encoding 187 amino acids with a molecular weight of 21.93 kDa and isoelectric point of 9.01 and a conserved AraC-superfamily domain. The vfmE protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane structure. The secondary structure of protein was mainly composed of α-helix (58.29%) and random coil (40.64%). Sequence similarity analysis revealed that the translated molecules showed high homology with other pathogens in the genus Dickeya (>86%). RT-qPCR analysis showed that vfmE gene was highly expressed continuously throughout the infection process of D. fangzhongdai Onc5, and the highest expression level was at 12 h. vfmE protein plays an important role in the infection of D. fangzhongdai Onc5. Research on the pathogeneisis-related gene vfmE in D. fangzhongdai Onc5 provide a theoretical basis for further research on the vfmE gene function and pathogenic regulation mechanism in Dickeya genus. Furthermore, such studies may be useful for finding new target to control plant soft rot disease.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    YANG Yinyan, SUN Dongyu, CAI Xincheng, HU Zhiqun, WU Guolin, ZHOU Biyan
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    SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1) is a flowering time regulator in plants. It belongs to the MADS-box transcription factor family and plays a crucial role in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. SOC1 is involved in various biological processes, including flower organ development, flowering time control, and response to environmental stimuli and hormone signals. In this study, shading and application of Lorsben were used for flower induction in wax apple, and the number of leaf buds, flowers, and the rate of flowering shoots were recorded after treatment. Additionally, the existing transcriptome data of wax apple in our research group were analyzed to identify the candidate gene SsSOC1 involved in regulating flowering in wax apple. The differential expression of SsSOC1 in different stages and tissues of wax apple under shading and Lorsben treatment was studied using qPCR. The results showed that the expression of the SsSOC1 gene significantly increased in the buds, leaves, leaf tips, and petioles of wax apple treated with shading, with the highest relative expression in the leaf tips. In this study, the SsSOC1 gene from Hei Tang Ba Bi wax apple was successfully cloned, and its promoter analysis, physicochemical properties of the protein, prediction of conserved functional domains, and sequence alignment were performed using bioinformatics methods. The open reading frame of the SsSOC1 gene in wax apple was found to be 654 bp, encoding a protein of 217 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of the protein was 9.37, with a molecular formula of C1076H1794N322O334S10 and a molecular weight of 24.91 kDa. The protein contained 40 positively charged amino acid residues (Lys+Arg) and 32 negatively charged amino acid residues (Asp+Glu). The protein had a fat coefficient of 80.64, a grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of -0.729, and an instability coefficient of 66.17. The protein structure lacked β-folds and did not belong to secretory or membrane proteins. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the protein was mainly present in the nucleus and belonged to an unstable hydrophilic basic protein. The SsSOC1 protein in wax apple possessed conserved domains including MADS_MEF2_like and K-Box and belonged to the MADS superfamily and K-Box superfamily. The analysis identified the amino acid positions 3 to 75 and 88 to 171 as the start and end sites of the conserved domains, respectively, conforming to the typical structural features of the MADS protein family and the K-Box family. The evolutionary tree showed the highest homology between the SsSOC1 sequence in wax apple and Syzygium oleosum. By floral dip transformation, the SsSOC1 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis, and it was found that the 35S::SsSOC1 line exhibited an early flowering phenotype and a reduced number of rosette leaves compared to the wild type. This study preliminarily elucidated the important role of the SsSOC1 gene in flowering in wax apple and attempted to reveal the intrinsic regulatory mechanism of shading-induced flowering, providing guidance for wax apple production and theoretical basis for improving out-of-season cultivation techniques.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    WANG Fei, WANG Yan, YANG Weiguang, DAI Shiwen, XIONG Cheng, ZOU Xuexiao, PEI Zhenming, PEI Songyu, YUAN Fang
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    Drought is one of the most serious abiotic stresses to land plants. Environmental water deficiency triggers an osmotic stress signaling cascade. OSCA1 was described as a hyperosmolarity-gated calcium-permeable channel and its function in osmosensing in plants, homologues of OSCA genes are found throughout eukaryotes. Water is crucial to plant growth and development. As one of the primary horticulture commodities, tomato plays an important role in vegetable research. To enhance the survival and yield of tomatoes in drought conditions, it is essential to thoroughly study the function of SlOSCA genes and their drought-resistant mechanisms. Based on reverse genetics, we selected SlOSCA1.1/1.2/1.6/2.3/3.1 as our target genes through bioinformatics analysis, the slosca mutant of tomato was made by CRISPR/cas9-mediated gene editing directly in AC (Ailsa Craig). To explore the role of tomato SlOSCA protein family members in the response to osmotic stress. Here, we found impaired guard cell osmotic stress signaling and attenuated plant responses to osmotic stress in slosca3.1/1.1 plants, impaired osmotic stress signaling and attenuated plant responses to osmotic stress in slosca1.6/1.2/2.3 plants, the slosca1.6/1.2/2.3 plants showed lower water use efficiency and poorer drought resistance, there is genetic redundancy in OSCA. In this study, slosca mutants were constructed and then the physiological phenotypes of the mutants were investigated, which revealed that multiple genes of the SlOSCA family cooperatively regulate responses to osmotic stress, this study provides a reference for subsequent analysis of the biological functions of OSCA gene family under different stress conditions and different physiological processes.

  • Omics & Biotechnology
    CHEN Yu, HU Ping
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    Endoclita vietnamensis Buchsbaum & Grehan, a newly discovered pest of dried Eucalyptus, is a typical example of native insect adaptation to an alien host. Adult larvae scatter the eggs on the ground below the forest, and the larvae live in the litter layer to the third stage after hatching, and then transfer the damage to the tree. Even in mixed forests, larvae can accurately locate the host, which leads to be assumed that the olfactory system of larvae is conducive to host selection. In addition, the olfactory system also plays an important role in the mating process of adult worms. Here, we studied the transcriptome of the head, chest and abdomen of the 5th instar, 12th instar and antennal antennae of the adult, and investigated the expression profile of olfactory proteins. A total of 66 olfactory proteins were identified, 14 of which were newly identified, including three odor-binding proteins (OBPs), four odor receptors (ORs), one taste receptor (GRs), and six ionic receptors (IRs). The expression profiles showed that all OBPs, ORs and GRs were expressed to varying degrees in the three stages, except OR22 and OR25 which were not expressed in the head of the 5th instar larvae. The expression level of EsigOR23 was the highest among all olfactory proteins, and was significantly high in the head of 5th instar larvae. The expression of EsigGOBP9 in adult antennae was significantly higher than that in adults at 5 and 12 ages. This study would provide a molecular basis for further study of the chemical sensation of the E. vietnamensis. EsigOR23 and EsigGOBP9 have unique expression patterns, which may be important proteins affecting host selection in larvae and courtship behavior in adults, respectively, and deserve further exploration.

  • Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding
  • Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding
    DING Ling, ZHAO Ying, FENG Kejing, YANG Chunmei, RUAN Jiwei, QU Suping, WU Lifang, YU Rongpei
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    In order to investigate the genetic diversity of phenotypes and improve the utilization efficiency of different germplasm resources in Phalaenopsis, 76 germplasm resources of Phalaenopsis were investigated on the phenotype diversity by differential analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The ornamental value of big-flower, medium-flower and small-flower cultivars were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that plant height was the most significant difference among the cultivars, and the flower number per plant was the largest coefficient of variation. Most phenotypes showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation. Flower width and length were the main factors leading to the genetic diversity of phenotypes in Phalaenopsis. The 11 phenotypes were divided into three categories by the R-type cluster analysis, among which flower length and width were clustered firstly when the Euclidean distance was 1.1, indicating the highest degree of correlation between them. 76 germplasm resources could be divided into three categories by Q-type cluster analysis, big flower, medium flower and small flower cultivars. In the comprehensive evaluation of ornamental value, the big flower Baihuahonxin, Huanying and V3, the medium flower Chulian, Huangpao, Jixiang, Memphis, 79, Ama and the small flower Auspicious, Xiaomeihua, Christmas Tree, LL29 and Queen Beer obtained higher scores. The results would provide a reference for the efficient utilization of germplasm resources and parent selection of crossbreeding in Phalaenopsis.

  • Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding
    LUO Jialin, FU Yangyang, LIU Qingqing, WU Yannong, ZHANG Wenli, ZHENG Fujun, YANG Fan, WANG Jian, TIAN Daike
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    To understand the morphological diversity and degree of variation in lotus fruits from various sources, 81 dried mature lotus fruits were collected from different locations (including 59 wild populations, 15 cultivated populations, and 7 lotus cultivars) for morphometric measurements and systematic clustering analysis. There was substantial morphological variation among 81 accessions of lotus fruits. The longitudinal diameter ranged from 12.03 mm to 19.58 mm, the transverse diameter varied from 7.93 mm to 15.72 mm, the aspect ratio spanned from 1.01 to 1.97, and single grain weight fluctuated from 0.41 mm to 2.26 g. The morphology of lotus fruits from different sources was different. The average longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, longitudinal/transverse diameter ratio, and grain weight of American lotus fruits was 13.97 mm, 11.98 mm, 1.17 and 1.13 g, respectively. For wild Asian lotus fruits, the values was 16.52 mm, 10.51 mm, 1.58 and 0.98 g, respectively. For the 15 cultivated Asian lotus populations, the average values was 15.81 mm, 11.18 mm, 1.42 and 1.07 g, respectively. For the 7 fruit lotus varieties, the average values was 16.71 mm, 13.20 mm, 1.27 and 1.53 g, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the single fruit weight of lotus fruit was positively correlated with the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the ratio of transverse diameter (P<0.05), but there were differences among different population sources. There was no significant correlation between longitude and latitude and morphological indexes of lotus fruits. The longitude was positively correlated with the ratio of longitudinal diameter and longitudinal diameter (P<0.01), but negatively correlated with transverse diameter and single grain weight (P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between latitude and longitudinal diameter (P<0.05), a very significantly positive correlation between latitude and longitudinal diameter ratio (P<0.01), a significantly negative correlation between latitude and transverse diameter (P<0.05), and a negative correlation between latitude and single grain weight (P<0.05). Systematic cluster analysis showed that 59 populations of wild lotus fruits could be divided into 2-5 branches. All lotus fruits of American lotus and the Chiang Mai population of Thai lotus formed the first cluster, and the remaining Asian lotus formed the second cluster. Morphological traits of lotus fruits varied across the different years of collection. The results would provide scientific basis for lotus resource conservation, auxiliary identification, germplasm innovation and lotus fruit production.

  • Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding
    WANG Minrui, JING Yonglin, CHEN Langxin, WANG Xiaobing, Meng Chunyang, HUANG Bilan, XU Li, LI Zhiying
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    Tropical region is rich in plant genetic diversity with great demand for the safe preservation of plant germplasm resources. Cryopreservation [with liquid nitrogen (LN)] is an important method for the long-term preservation of plant germplasm resources. Although cryopreservation protocol often requires optimization for different species, it ensures the use of minimum space and the regular LN supply to facilitate the long-term preservation of genetic resources once established, thereby greatly reducing the labor input and costs in the long run. The cryogenic technique has been studied for more than half a century and has achieved survival and regeneration of plant materials such as seeds, shoot tips and pollen, as well as cell suspension and callus tissue after cryopreservation. To fully introduce the use of cryopreservation to secure valuable tropical plant species and support the development of tropical agricultural sciences, this review first focuses on the shoot tip and dormant shoot segment cryopreservation to review the research history and technological development of plant cryopreservation. The research advances of cryopreservation in tropical plant species were emphasized using shoot tips, seeds (zygotic embryos), pollen, cell suspension, and callus. The importance of genetic stability analysis after cryopreservation was also introduced before highlighting the importance and prospects of applying cryopreservation for long-term preservation of shoot tips, recalcitrant seeds, and embryogenic tissues and cells of tropical crops.

  • Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding
    LIANG Zhenhua, CHEN Huixian, LI Hengrui, WEI Wanling, HUANG Zhenling, RUAN Lixia, HE Wen, LAN Xiu, YANG Haixia
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    The high-yield variety XX 048 was used as the maternal parent, and the asexual offspring of F1 excellent single plants through open pollination and hybridization was obtained to select a new variety of cassava with good plant type, high yield, high starch, and wide adaptability. After a series of systematic breeding procedures such as sowing and seedling cultivation, field transplantation, single plant selection, single row experiment, line ratio experiment, regional experiment, and production experiment, a new cassava variety Gui 1505 with high yield, high starch, low hydrogen cyanide, and strong adaptability for both fresh food and processing was developed. The variety is an upright plant type, with mature stem outer skin being gray white and inner skin being green. The tubers are distributed irregularly and concentrated, with a cylindrical conical shape. The outer skin of the tubers is light brown, the inner skin is light red, and the flesh of the tubers is white. The average fresh potato yield of Gui 1505 in regional and production trials reached 46.68 t/hm2 and 49.69 t/hm2, respectively, both higher than the control NZ199. The starch content of the root tuber was more than 29.05%. The average hydrogen cyanide content in fresh potatoes was 20‒30 mg/kg, which is lower than the control. The field identification result of mite resistance is moderate. It is suitable for planting in major cassava producing areas such as Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan. This study provides new germplasm resources for China to achieve high-quality cassava production, which is of great significance for promoting potato farmers' income and enterprise efficiency.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    KONG Yipeng, WANG Wanxin, JIN Dongqi, LIU Hailin, LI Jianhong, ZHAO Qingjie, LIN Qinghuo
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    Manganese (Mn) is a crucial element influencing the performance of natural rubber. This study investigated the effects of different fertilization strategies on Mn content in soil, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) roots and leaves, latex and raw rubber, and the subsequent impact on rubber properties in rubber plantations. The aim was to provide theoretical insights for optimizing rubber tree fertilization and enhancing natural rubber properties. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in a RY 73397 variety rubber plantation. Quantitative fertilization was applied to individual rubber trees using a composite approach involving hole application and tapping panel. The control group received no fertilizer treatment (CK), while five different fertilization treatments were implemented: 2 kg sodium silicate (T1), 0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T2), 5 kg biochar (T3), 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T4) and 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate (T5). Samples were collected during various months of latex production period to determine dry rubber yield, Mn content in various samples (soil, roots, leaves, latex, raw rubber), and rubber properties under different fertilization strategies, analyzing their effects on Mn content and rubber properties within the soil-rubber tree system. The rubber yield from different treatments ranged from 44.96 g to 62.90 g. Treatments T1, T3, T4 and T5 increased soil pH value, and effectively transformed bioavailable forms of Mn into less available forms for rubber trees in soil, with treatment T5 being most effective. Treatment T5 also significantly reduced Mn content in rubber tree roots. The application of T4 and T5 treatments significantly reduced Mn content in latex. Treatment T1 was effective in enhancing the plasticity retention, while treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 were capable of improving the initial plasticity of raw rubber. Treatments T4 and T5 significantly increased the Mooney viscosity. Following the implementation of T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, the initial plasticity, plasticity retention, and Mooney viscosity of natural rubber all complied with the General Specifications for Natural Rubber Used in Aircraft Tires. The number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of raw rubber under different treatments ranged from 35.25×104 to 39.57×104 and from 161.84×104 to 167.32×104, respectively, while also decreasing the molecular weight distribution. To summary, the combined application of biochar, sodium silicate, and zinc-molybdenum fertilizers can enhance soil conditions, affecting the yield of rubber trees and the manganese (Mn) content in both latex and raw rubber, which in turn influences the properties of raw rubber. Based on this study, the T5 treatment (5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate per individual tree) is recommended for comprehensive enhancement of dry rubber yield and rubber properties.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    KUANG Ziyou, DAO Jingmei, YANG Shaolin, AI Jing, WANG Yutong, ZHANG Zhongfu, LI Rudan, DENG Jun, ZHAO Yong
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    The study was aimed to explore the relationship between the root distribution at different growth angles and the ratooning ability in sugarcane, and to screen the iconic root indexes of strong ratooning in sugarcane. Three sugarcane varieties with different ratooning ability, Yunzhe 08-1609 (A), Yunzhe 05-51 (B), Yuetang 93-159 (C) and strong ratooning sugarcane germplasm Erianthus arundinaceus (D) and Saccharum spontaneum (E), were used as the materials. The root morphology of plant and ratoon crops was continuously measured under the conditions of conventional planting in field. The root biomass and quantity of sugarcane varieties with strong ratoon ability increased continuously during elongation stage of plant crop, and the highest was in the angle range 0°-30° from the vertical direction, followed by that of 30°-45°. The root biomass and numbers in ratoon crop were significantly higher than those in plant crop. The root biomass and numbers in varieties A and B were the highest in the angle range 30°-45°, and that in variety C was the highest in 45°-65°. The root biomass in E. arundinaceus and S. spontaneum was much higher than that in sugarcane varieties in both plant and ratoon crops, the root number in S. spontaneum was the largest while that in E. arundinaceus was close to that in sugarcane varieties. The root biomass of the two wild germplasm materials in plant crop was the highest in the angle range of 0°-30°, while in ratoon crop, the root number distribution in E. arundinaceus was similar at three angle ranges, and of whitch in S. spontaneum was similar in the ranges of 30°-45° and 45°-65°. The root number in variety A was the highest (46.43%) in the angle range of 0°-30° at late elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range of 30°-45° (42.74%) at late elongation stage of ratoon crop. The root number proportion of S. spontaneum and E. arundinaceus was the highest in the range of 0°-30° at elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range 45°-65° at elongation stage of ratoon crop. The top five indicators correlated with the ratooning ability were the root surface area, root volume, root length, root fresh weight, and root number within the angle range of 0°-30° to the vertical direction. For evaluating the ratooning ability of sugarcane, it is suggested to refer to the root index in the angle range of 0°-30° from the vertical direction in plant crop, and the root fresh weight could be used as a key index for preliminary screening of the ratooning ability. In addition, if there was no rhizomes, the ratooning ability can be predicted by the ratio of average single root weight in ratoon to that in plant crop.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    LIU Han, XIE Linyan, DI Yining, CAO Lisi, LI Fusheng, LIU Lufeng
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    The study was aimed to study the effects of potassium fulvic acid (FA-K) and endophytic agents (single/combined) on the growth of sugarcane of Yuncane 08-1609 under the condition of halving the amount of conventional chemical fertilizers and to provide a reference for the subsequent research on high-efficiency organic compound bacterial fertilizer for increasing yield and weight loss in the sugar cane industry. The effects of endophytic agents on the growth of sugarcane seedlings and the growth-promoting effects of different fertilization formula treatment [conventional fertilizer application rate (F1), 50% conventional fertilizer application rate + potassium fulvic acid (F2)] and endophytic agent treatment on the growth of sugarcane seedlings and the interaction were investigated through soaking seed germination test and pot experiment. The “B9+YC89” compound agent could significantly promote the growth of sugarcane seedlings, compared with F1, F2 fertilization formula and endophytic agent could significantly improve agronomic traits, photosynthetic and physiological indexes of sugarcane seedlings, and F2 treatment could significantly increase stem diameter, fresh dry weight, +1 leaf area, root activity, photosynthetic index, soluble protein and soluble sugar content, and glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GS and GOGAT) activities of sugarcane plants. F2 “B9+YC89” treatment had the most significant effects on +1 leaf length, +1 leaf area, number of main stem leaves, dry weight, root activity, photosynthesis, soluble matter content and two enzyme activities. In summary, in sugarcane production, the use of “B9+YC89” compound microbial agent soaking and germination can promote the germination of sugarcane seedlings. Under the condition of 50% conventional chemical fertilizer, potassium fulvic acid further promoted the seedling growth of Yuncane 08-1609 compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, and the combined application of potassium fulvic acid and “B9+YC89” compound microbial agent could effectively promote the seedling growth of Yuncane 08-1609. The study are conducive to promoting the development of weight loss and efficiency increase in sugarcane industry, and provide ideas for new cultivation and planting technologies.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    FENG Hongyu, WANG Jing, LIAO Daolong, YOU Zhicong, WU Zhuangsheng
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    The study was aimed to select suitable substrate formulations for seedling of Hainan cherry tomato rootstocks. Variety Haiqiezhen No.1 was used, and fermented cow dung, coconut husk, and commercial seedling substrate were made into eight substrate formulations according to different volume ratios, and commercial seedling substrate was used as the control (CK). The physicochemical properties of different seedling substrates and the effects on the growth and physiological characteristics of rootstock seedlings were investigated. The bulk density and aeration porosity of the seedling substrates with coconut busk and cow dung were lower than that of CK, while the total porosity, water-holding porosity, pH and EC were higher than that of CK. The nutrient contents of the treatments were basically higher than that of CK, and the differences reached a highly significant level. The emergence rate of each treatment was more than 90%, which was highly significantly higher than that of CK (except T8). With the prolongation of seedling growth period, the plant height and stem diameter also increased, and there were large differences among different treatments. T2 and T4 were better than other treatments. Fresh and dry weight of the whole plant, above-ground and below-ground dry weights, and strong seedling index also increased with the addition of coconut busk and cow dung (except T5 and T6). The best treatment was T4, and the strong seedling index reached 0.106, which was significantly higher than that of CK, and improved 36.05% compared with that of CK. Different seedling substrates had little effect on the main root length of seedlings, which could promote the increase of average root diameter, root surface area and root volume, but the root vigour was extremely significantly lower than that of CK. The comprehensive evaluation of principal components was T4>T3>T2>T6>T7>T5>T8>T1>CK. In summary, T4 had optimum formula on Haiqiezhen No.1.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    XU Zekang, SHI Kun, OUYANG Yujun, WU Jianyan, MA Hongbo, ZHANG Xiaobei, WANG Jidong
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    Sweet potato is often base fertilized with nitrogen and no further dressing nitrogen fertilizer is needed. It is important to develop and screen slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers that could meet the nitrogen requirements of sweet potato at different growth stages in order to promote yield and reduce nitrogen rate. A greenhouse pot experiment using variety Sushu 16 was conducted to analyze the effects of different slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers (urea formaldehyde, sulfur-coated urea, urea formaldehyde resin, urea combined with nitrification inhibitors) on leaf photosynthesis, aboveground and underground biomass and nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil mineral nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen) content at different growth stages of sweet potato (seedling stage, vine burying stage, bulking stage, and harvest stage). Compared with the control, the sulfur-coated urea and oxamide controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers increased the biomass of sweet potato roots by 96.79% and 103.59%, respectively, significantly higher than that of the urea-formaldehyde and urea combined with nitrification inhibitor treatments (P<0.05). In addition, the photosynthesis rate of sweet potato throughout the entire growth period was significantly higher in the sulfur-coated urea treatment than that of unfertilized control, which is beneficial to improving the biomass of sweet potato roots. The nitrogen releasing of sulfur-coated urea and oxamide was less in the seedling and closure period and more in the swelling period and harvest period. The sum of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was 1.24-1.60 times that of urea-formaldehyde and urea combined with nitrification inhibitor, and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate increased by 1.17-1.80 times. In conclusion, sulfur-coated urea and urea formaldehyde are more suitable for the one-time application of nitrogen fertilizer in sweet potato production. The study results could provide scientific basis for nutrient management and nitrogen fertilizer reduction and yield enhancement in sweet potato production.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    LIU Yanju, XU Yufen, YU Zhaoyan, WU Kunlin, CAO Qiulin, GONG Han, JIA Xiaocheng
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    This study investigated the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and salicylic acid (SA) on the growth and physiological characterisics of Camellia oleifera seedlings subjected to NaCl stress, aiming to provide theoretical basis for enhancing the resistance of tea oil plants. One-year-old C. oleifera seedlings were utilized, and the impact of varying concentrations of ABA, CaCl2, and SA on growth parameters and related physiological indicators was assessed under NaCl stress. Under sole NaCl stress conditiongs, significant increase was observed in height growth, total dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels, membrane permeability, MDA, H2O2 content, as well as SOD and POD activities in C. oleifera seedlings. Furthermore, external application of different substances under NaCl stress enhanced height growth, total dry weight, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels while reducing root-to-shoot ratio along with membrane permeability and MDA content in the seedlings. Comprehensive evaluation using membership function analysis indicated that treatment with 40 mmol/L CaCl2 was most effective in mitigating NaCl-induced damage to C. oleifera seedlings; this was followed by treatments with 200 µmol/L SA and 100 µmol/L SA.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    LUO Chaodan, WANG Qiuju, LI Jianqiang, FENG Chunmei, REN Erfang, HUANG Yanting, NING Lin, LUO Xiaojie
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    Guava leaf (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a common folk medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed its remarkable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which has broad prospects in the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. The release of non-volatile active components of plants or herbs were greatly affected by extraction ways. The extraction effects on guava leaves of macerated extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction (UAAE) and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction (UADEE), microstructure were evaluated. The content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols in the extract was respectively determined by vanillin-glacial acetic acid colorimetric method, NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 colorimetric method and folin phenol method. The content of flavonoid components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity and α-glycosidase inhibitory ability of the extract were also evaluated. In UADEE group, internal structure of guava leaves was most completely damaged, the content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and guaijaverin, avicularin, reynoutrin was respectively determined to be 79.28 mg/g, 80.51 mg/g, 120.52 mg/g, 7.96 mg/g, 7.74 mg/g and 3.99 mg/g, which significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols accounted for 9.830%, 27.267% and 1.013% of all metabolites in the extract, respectively. The IC50 value of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and inhibiting α-glycosidase in UADEE group was 45.18 μg/mL and 904.67 μg/mL, respectively, significantly superior than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). In summary, UADEE has the best effect on the extraction of active components in the extract, attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound and the polarity tunability and solubilization of solvents. The results would provide experimental basis for the efficient extraction of effective components from guava leaves and the development of processed products.

  • Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry
    LIU Fei, WANG Wenfeng, LIU Yangyang, ZOU Ying, PENG Shaodan, ZHOU Wei, LI Jihua
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    The study was aimed to explore the mechanism of inhibiting the hygroscopic behavior of wheat gluten (WG) on pineapple powder, and provide theoretical guidance for the processing and storage of pineapple powder. The moisture sorption isotherms of four WG added amounts (0, 10%, 20% and 30%) of pineapple powder were determined by the gravimetric method. Seven classical mathematical models were used to fit the sorption experimental data. By comparison of the determination coefficients (R2) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimate, the model with the highest fitting degree was ascertained and its mathematical expression was determined. Then the safe storage moisture of pineapple powder was calculated. By the analysis of binding energy between water and materials, the relationship of equilibrium moisture content versus binding energy was plotted, and the effect of WG on moisture sorption isotherms properties of pineapple powder was explained from a thermodynamic perspective. In the process of moisture sorption at room temperature (25 ℃), the equilibrium moisture content increased with the increase of water activity (aw), and higher the amount of WG would lead to smaller increase. At an aw of 0.753, the equilibrium moisture content of the four samples was 0.2068, 0.1921, 0.1763 and 0.1530 g/g, respectively. The moisture sorption isotherm of pineapple powder belongs to type III isotherm, the Peleg model had the best fitting effect, followed by GAB, Henderson, Mod-BET and Oswin model, the fitting effect of Halsey and Smith model were poor. The R2 fitted by Peleg model for all samples were above 0.995, and the RMSE between 0.0112-0.0137. The model fitting verification results showed that the predicted value of Peleg model had a high linear relationship with the experimental value, which could reflect the equilibrium moisture content of pineapple powder more accurately. According to the theory of food safety storage moisture, the relative safe moisture content of the four samples was 0.1421, 0.1308, 0.1168 and 0.1017 g/g, and the absolute safe moisture content was 0.0803, 0.0721, 0.0615 and 0.0501 g/g, respectively, by the above fitting model expression. In addition, the results of binding energy analysis showed that the binding energy of water and materials decreased with the increase of equilibrium moisture content, and the addition of WG could effectively reduce the binding energy, thus reducing the adsorption capacity of materials to water molecules.Under the equilibrium moisture content of 0.20 g/g, the binding energy of the material and water decreased by 0.0396 kJ/mol on average for every 10% increase of WG addition.

  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
    QIU Haiyan, WANG Jianyun, ZHAO Jing, SONG Fan, HE Zhixin, HAN Dongyin, FU Yueguan, LI Lei
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    This paper reported the detailed morphological characteristics and the external genitalia of Allocarsidara malayensis, the COI sequence of A. malayensis was amplified and sequenced, its damages characteristic in the field were provided and potential suitable habitats in China was predicted. Based on 25 effective distribution points and 19 climate environmental factors, maximum entropy niche-based modeling (MaxEnt) combined with geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to predict the potential suitable habitats for A. malayensis under historic climatic conditions. ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. malayensis. The potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was mainly in the tropical areas near the equator of Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, South America and North America. In China, there was potential suitable habitats in Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces for A. malayensis. The key environmental variables that had the greatest impact on the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis were the precipitation of wettest month (Bio13) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16). The investigation showed that A. malayensis had occurred in some durian gardens in Sanya and Baoting of Hainan, and the damage was serious in some of the gardens. The adults lay eggs in the unopened leaves at the shoot apex, and both adults and nymphs pierce the young leaf and suck the cell sap, that may cause leaves twisting, discoloration and small. Both adults and nymphs secrete honeydew, which induces sooty mould and reduces the photosynthesis. If no control measure applied, severe infestation may cause leaves drop in advance, stunted growth or even cause tree death. As the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was almost consistent with the durian planted region, in order to prevent the pest further spread to other regions, provide guarantee for the healthy development of durian industry in China, it is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of A. malayensis, study its biological characteristics and the population dynamics, which would provide a theoretical basis for further development of economical and efficient control strategy for A. malayensis.

  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
    LIN Hong, HUANG Yulian, HUANG Weihong, LI Ruoyu, XUE Ximei, ZHANG Yingjiao, ZHANG Qiufang
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    Drought resistant microbial preparations are beneficial soil microorganisms that produce plant growth hormone to enhance the drought tolerance of plants and promote plant growth, which is an ideal substitute for traditional chemical drought resistant preparations. In this study, the bacteria obtained in the soils of Wuyishan tea plantation were used as the research object to screen strains with the high secretion indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) ability and strong drought resistance, and the culture conditions optimization and whole genome sequencing analysis were also conducted. A strain SZF7 with high secreting IAA was obtained, which belonged to Bacillus cereus, which had stronger drought resistance than other strains. The optimal culture conditions for IAA secretion of SZF7 were pH 5.0 and 37 ℃ with 24 h incubation, and pH and temperature significantly affected on the IAA secretion. In the COG and KEGG metabolic pathways of SZF7 genome, the genes related to biological metabolism accounted for 47.96% and 68.52% of the total functional genes, respectively. The genes related to plant growth promotion included IAA, siderophore, non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), lipopeptide compounds and bacillibactin. There were two IAA synthesis pathways in SZF7, one of which was indole-3-pyruvate pathway mediated by indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase, and the other was tryptamine pathway mediated by indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase. This study would provide a scientific basis for the application of drought-resistant and growth-promoting bacteria in the production of tea and other cash crops.

  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
    QIN Jiamin, TAO Yubo, YAN Tianhao, YAN Li, ZHANG Fen, DENG Shangkao, ZHAN Jiang, ZHANG Yangyi, ZHAO Bi’an, LIANG Cheng
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    To scientifically evaluate the pollination performance of Macadamia integrifolia by the dominant bee species in China (Apis cerana cerana), we investigated the flowering biological characteristics of M. integrifolia, the pollination behavior of A. cerana cerana, and the effects on M. integrifolia yield and quality by A. cerana cerana pollination in Ximeng Va Autonomous county of China. The results showed that the number of flowers per raceme in macadamia cultivars A4 was in a normal distribution, ranging from 174 to 532 flowers, with an average of 334.0±48.8. The most frequent number of flowers range was 272-374, accounting for 72.17%. The order of A4 floret opening was from the base of inflorescence axis to the top, accounting for 60.24%, from the middle of inflorescence axis to both ends, accounting for 34.94%, and from the top to the base of inflorescence axis, accounting for 4.82%. In M. integrifolia full-bloom stage, the number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony, and pollen-collecting workers increased at first, and then decreased with the time. The number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony workers were mainly concentrated in 12:00—15:00, and with the peak period at 15:00, then, it decreased sharply after 16:00. The number of pollen-collecting back to colony workers was mainly concentrated in 12:00—14:00, and with the peak at 13:00. The number of A. cerana cerana visiting flowers was significantly higher than that of Apis dorsata and Apis florea, but A. cerana cerana had a shorter per raceme visiting time. The number of visiting flowers workers of A. cerana cerana increased at first, then decreased with time, and the time of the visiting activity was mainly concentrated in 13:00—17:10. The correlation analysis results showed that the daily collection activities of A. cerana cerana were greatly influenced by light intensity, temperature and humidity. The average fruit setting rate of per raceme of M. integrifolia by A. cerana cerana pollination significantly increased by 64.15%, and the proportion of raceme falling reduced by 55.39% compared with the control, respectively. In addition, the weight, transverse and vertical diameter of single fruit, the seed rate, the kernel rate, total nitrogen content, crude protein content, crude fat content and 22 kinds of fatty acids content of fruit kernels pollinated by A. cerana cerana were higher than those of the control. The content of saturated fatty acids such as octanoic acid, capric acid, behenic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids 11,14-eicosadienoic acid were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, A. cerana cerana pollination could reduce the shedding of inflorescences, significantly increase fruit setting rate, and improve the yield and quality to a certain extent at the M. integrifolia flowering stage.

  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
    ZHOU Yujie, HE Zhizhou, HU Wei, LIN Qiuyun, LIN Yuehui, LONG Kaiyi, XIE Zhenyu
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    Salt is a main factor limiting the utilization of saline land in coastal beach. Rice is the preferred food crop for the utilization of salinized land, and some rhizosphere microorganisms can improve the salt resistance of rice. In order to screen suitable rice varieties planted in salinized land, different rice varieties were selected to cultivate under NaCl stress during the whole growth period, and the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil were measured and analyzed by Illumina Miseq sequencing technology. The bacterial community diversity in the rhizosphere soil, the species richness of varieties B3 and B6 were significant higher than those of variety B1 in 0.6% NaCl treatments. The community structure, the dominant bacterial phyla were Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria with relative abundance more than 10% of three varieties under different concentrations of NaCl treatments. There were differences in the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere soil, and the number and types of enriched species were also different in different rice varieties. Variety B6 enriched fourteen bacterial taxa branches under 0.6% NaCl treatments, such as Acidobacteriae, Nostocaceae Vicinamibacterales, Thermomicrobiales, KD4-96, etc. Therefore, B6 planted in salinized land of coastal mudflat is beneficial to the formation of dominant bacterial community in rhizosphere soil.

  • Plant Protection & Bio-safety
    ZHANG Xuefeng, YU Xuebiao, YU Huilin, HUANG Hai, CHEN Haihui, ZHANG Jianlong, CHEN Jiaxin, WEI Jianxing
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    The study was aimed to investigate the soil-microbial carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus characteristics of Eucalyptus plantations at different altitude gradients in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Typical Eucalyptus plantation forests at different altitudes (500 m, 700 m and 900 m) in Wuzhishan were used as the study object, and natural secondary forests at the same altitude were used as the control. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content showed a gradual increase with elevation, and total phosphorus (TP) showed a gradual decrease. The range of variation was 13.16-13.58, 0.93-1.15, 0.17-0.19 g/kg, respectively, which was lower than the SOC and TN contents of natural secondary forests, and lower than the national average values of SOC, TN and TP contents of forests. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) showed a trend of gradual increase with elevation, and the microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) content overall showed a decreasing trend with elevation, with the range of 237.46-398.26, 23.04-30.74, 4.77-9.59 mg/kg, respectively, and with the TP contents.TP showed highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01). The differences were not significant compared with those of natural secondary forests at the same elevation. MBC/MBN, MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP all tended to increase with elevation, with ratios ranging from 9.05-13.17, 24.73-80.99 and 2.76-6.60. At 500 m, the MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP of the Eucalyptus plantation were significantly different from those of the natural secondary forest.. The variation of microbial quotient carbon (qMBC), microbial quotient nitrogen (qMBN) and microbial quotient phosphorus (qMBP) at different elevations was 1.89%-3.34%, 2.90%-3.23% and 1.33%-5.41%, respectively. qMBC showed a gradual increase in elevation, and qMBP declined with the elevation. qMBC and qMBP were higher than those of natural secondary forests. qMBC and qMBP were higher than those of natural secondary forests. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were the key factors affecting the changes. In conclusion, the elevation gradient has a significant impact on the content and stoichiometric ratio of soil-microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Eucalyptus plantations. Compared with natural secondary forests at the same elevation, the soil of Eucalyptus plantations exhibited a deficiency in carbon and phosphorus contents, but enhanced the conversion efficiency of soil carbon and phosphorus to microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus. Based on this, the Eucalyptus plantations in the park should be conserved, and attention should be paid to the influence of carbon and phosphorus elements in the subsequent management.