Drying Characteristics and Kinetics of Fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with Solar Assisted Heat Pump Drying

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.08.037

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, a solar assisted heat pump drying technology was used to dry the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Seven kinds of drying models were used to solve the experimental data of drying characteristics to explore the moisture change of fruit of G. jasminoides Ellis during solar assisted heat pump drying under the conditions of loading density, drying temperature and material thickness, and determine coefficients of models by nonlinear regression. With the increase of loading density, the drying time of fruit of G. jasminoides Ellis increased gradually, and the drying rate increased first and then decreased. Different drying temperature and material thickness had significant influence on the drying rate of fruit of G. jasminoides Ellis. Verma Model is suitable for describing the moisture variation of fruit of G. jasminoides Ellis during the solar assisted heat pump drying. The maximum fitting value of R² in the model could reach 0.9998, lower square sum of error (SSE) value was 0.0001 to 0.0088, and root mean square error (RMSE) value was 0.0024 to 0.3161. The research would provide technical support for the development of high-efficiency, energy-saving and nutrient rich dried the fruit of G. jasminoides Ellis.

Key words: fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, solar assisted heat pump drying, drying characteristics, kinetics

CLC Number:

TQ461

DAI Yaping, DENG Kaibo, Zhou Wei, Li Jihua, Cao Yupo. Drying Characteristics and Kinetics of Fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with Solar Assisted Heat Pump Drying[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2021, 42(8): 2405-2412.

Figures/Tables 7

References 31

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序号 Serial number	模型表达式 Model expression	模型名称及来源 Model name and source
1	MR=exp(-kt)	Newton/Lewis^[15]
2	MR=exp(-kt ⁿ )	Page^[16]
3	MR=exp[-(t/b)a]+c exp(-gt)	Tian模型^[13]
4	MR=a exp(-kt)+c	Logarithmic^[17]
5	MR=a exp(-kt ⁿ)+b t	Midilli and Kucuk^[18]
6	MR=a exp(-kt)+ (1-a)exp(-gt)	Verma^[19]
7	MR=a exp(-kt) + (1-a)exp(-kat)	Two-term exponential^[20]

序号 Serial number	模型表达式 Model expression	模型名称及来源 Model name and source
1	MR=exp(-kt)	Newton/Lewis^[15]
2	MR=exp(-kt ⁿ )	Page^[16]
3	MR=exp[-(t/b)a]+c exp(-gt)	Tian模型^[13]
4	MR=a exp(-kt)+c	Logarithmic^[17]
5	MR=a exp(-kt ⁿ)+b t	Midilli and Kucuk^[18]
6	MR=a exp(-kt)+ (1-a)exp(-gt)	Verma^[19]
7	MR=a exp(-kt) + (1-a)exp(-kat)	Two-term exponential^[20]

干燥模型 Drying models	评价指标 Indexes	70 ℃, 13~14 mm				1.0 kg/m³, 13~14 mm				1.0 kg/m³, 70 ℃
干燥模型 Drying models	评价指标 Indexes	0.5 kg/m³	1.0 kg/m³	1.5 kg/m³	2.0 kg/m³	50 ℃	60 ℃	70 ℃	80 ℃	12~13 mm	13~14 mm	14~15 mm	15~16 mm
1	k	0.2232	0.2082	0.1979	0.1589	0.0859	0.1233	0.2204	0.2636	0.2812	0.2204	0.1155	0.1023
	R²	0.9580	0.9448	0.9271	0.9451	0.8519	0.9023	0.9338	0.9804	0.9066	0.9338	0.9810	0.9848
	SSE	0.0280	0.0341	0.0420	0.0282	0.0348	0.0370	0.0412	0.0155	0.0623	0.0412	0.0082	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0530	0.0584	0.0648	0.0531	0.0590	0.0608	0.0642	0.0394	0.0789	0.0642	0.0287	0.0246
2	k	0.4725	0.4563	0.4448	0.3987	0.1919	0.2413	0.3784	0.3501	0.5059	0.3784	0.1629	-0.3199
	n	0.4725	0.4563	0.4448	0.3987	0.5669	0.6244	0.6587	0.8106	0.5966	0.6587	0.8107	-0.3199
	R²	0.9987	0.9387	0.190	0.9390	0.9997	0.9993	0.9984	0.9939	0.9939	0.9984	0.9990	0.9831
	SSE	0.0280	0.0341	0.0420	0.0282	0.0001	0.0002	0.0009	0.0044	0.0037	0.0009	0.0004	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0530	0.0584	0.0648	0.0531	0.0026	0.0048	0.3056	0.3131	0.0191	0.0096	0.0063	0.0246
3	a	1.3013	1.2847	1.2642	246.876	0.5759	0.6211	0.6161	0.6984	0.4925	0.6161	0.8106	1.0899
	b	6.4623	6.9539	7.3327	15497.6	17.5403	9.7619	24.5784	14.2308	3.6593	4.5781	9.3819	11.1683
	c	-0.0825	-0.0916	-0.1017	0.0000	0.0014	0.0036	-0.0005	-0.0108	-0.0075	-0.0005	0.0001	-0.0261
	g	0.2011	0.1845	0.1722	49.0506	-0.1928	0.6050	-0.4402	-0.2198	-0.2555	-0.4402	123.515	0.0974
	R²	0.9631	0.9529	0.9385	0.9215	0.9997	0.9992	0.9997	0.9986	0.9995	0.9997	0.9987	0.9835
	SSE	0.0173	0.0204	0.248	0.0282	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0008	0.0003	0.9997	0.0004	0.0046
	RMSE	0.0415	0.0451	0.0498	0.0531	0.0024	0.0046	0.3160	0.3153	0.0051	0.3162	0.0063	0.0214
4	a	0.8300	0.7944	0.7627	0.7446	0.4980	0.6301	0.7890	0.9129	0.8025	0.7890	0.7510	0.7390
	c	0.1270	0.1658	0.1994	0.2235	0.4811	0.34953	0.1744	0.0432	0.1461	0.1744	0.2405	0.2645
	k	0.2946	0.3074	0.3248	0.2599	0.2783	0.2873	0.3446	0.2796	0.4256	0.3446	0.1835	0.1704
	R²	0.9811	0.9818	0.9804	0.9858	0.9871	0.9919	0.9806	0.9850	0.9584	0.9806	0.9976	0.9970
	SSE	0.0101	0.0090	0.0090	0.0058	0.0024	0.0025	0.0097	0.0095	0.0222	0.9806	0.0008	0.0010
	RMSE	0.0317	0.0299	0.0300	0.0241	0.0156	0.0157	0.3162	0.3160	0.0471	0.3131	0.0092	0.0098
5	a	0.9483	0.4965	0.9487	0.9586	1.0003	1.0006	1.0007	0.9994	1.0000	1.0007	1.0024	1.0010
	b	0.0089	0.0120	0.0147	0.0146	0.0029	0.0052	-0.0075	-0.0158	-0.0168	-0.0075	0.0029	0.0141
	k	0.4987	0.4965	0.4966	0.4461	0.1926	0.2407	0.3864	0.3702	0.5265	0.3864	0.1647	0.3678
	n	0.4987	0.9496	0.4966	0.4461	0.5984	0.6803	0.5689	0.6065	0.3955	0.5689	0.8376	0.3678
	R²	0.9753	0.9748	0.9711	09586	0.9990	0.9996	0.9994	0.9995	0.9999	0.9994	0.9989	0.9960
	SSE	0.0115	0.0109	0.0117	0.0073	0.0007	0.0001	0.0032	0.0003	0.0001	0.0003	0.0003	0.0011
	RMSE	0.0340	0.0330	0.0341	0.0270	0.0021	0.0031	0.3131	0.3138	0.0018	0.0052	0.0059	0.0105
6	a	0.7910	0.7568	0.7222	0.7787	0.7788	0.7137	0.7013	0.8423	0.6667	0.7013	11655.2	9704.2
	g	2.8287	1.8518	1.5132	1.2608	0.8857	0.7651	1.4391	59.7761	3.2117	1.4391	0.1347	0.1164
	k	0.1684	0.1471	0.1298	0.1115	0.0463	0.0677	0.1429	0.2185	0.1740	0.1429	0.1347	0.1164
	R²	0.9992	0.9998	0.9998	0.9995	0.9997	0.9998	0.9996	0.9978	0.9991	0.9996	0.9745	0.9801
	SSE	0.0004	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	0.0014	0.0005	0.0002	0.0088	0.0064
	RMSE	0.0065	0.0031	0.0029	0.0046	0.0024	0.0027	0.3161	0.03161	0.0070	0.0042	0.0297	0.0252
7	a	0.1725	0.1756	0.9985	0.1572	0.1119	0.9987	0.1868	0.1463	0.9986	0.1868	0.5916	0.9983
	k	1.0613	0.9642	0.1902	0.8184	0.6117	0.1214	0.9517	1.5356	0.2595	0.9517	0.1520	0.1021
	R²	0.9884	0.9831	0.9163	0.9854	0.9350	0.8908	0.9770	0.9952	0.8886	0.9770	0.9993	0.9831
	SSE	0.0070	0.0094	0.0434	0.0068	0.0138	0.0372	0.0129	0.0034	0.0669	0.0129	0.0003	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0264	0.0307	0.0659	0.0260	0.0371	0.0610	0.3162	0.3159	0.0818	0.0359	0.0052	0.0246

干燥模型 Drying models	评价指标 Indexes	70 ℃, 13~14 mm				1.0 kg/m³, 13~14 mm				1.0 kg/m³, 70 ℃
干燥模型 Drying models	评价指标 Indexes	0.5 kg/m³	1.0 kg/m³	1.5 kg/m³	2.0 kg/m³	50 ℃	60 ℃	70 ℃	80 ℃	12~13 mm	13~14 mm	14~15 mm	15~16 mm
1	k	0.2232	0.2082	0.1979	0.1589	0.0859	0.1233	0.2204	0.2636	0.2812	0.2204	0.1155	0.1023
	R²	0.9580	0.9448	0.9271	0.9451	0.8519	0.9023	0.9338	0.9804	0.9066	0.9338	0.9810	0.9848
	SSE	0.0280	0.0341	0.0420	0.0282	0.0348	0.0370	0.0412	0.0155	0.0623	0.0412	0.0082	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0530	0.0584	0.0648	0.0531	0.0590	0.0608	0.0642	0.0394	0.0789	0.0642	0.0287	0.0246
2	k	0.4725	0.4563	0.4448	0.3987	0.1919	0.2413	0.3784	0.3501	0.5059	0.3784	0.1629	-0.3199
	n	0.4725	0.4563	0.4448	0.3987	0.5669	0.6244	0.6587	0.8106	0.5966	0.6587	0.8107	-0.3199
	R²	0.9987	0.9387	0.190	0.9390	0.9997	0.9993	0.9984	0.9939	0.9939	0.9984	0.9990	0.9831
	SSE	0.0280	0.0341	0.0420	0.0282	0.0001	0.0002	0.0009	0.0044	0.0037	0.0009	0.0004	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0530	0.0584	0.0648	0.0531	0.0026	0.0048	0.3056	0.3131	0.0191	0.0096	0.0063	0.0246
3	a	1.3013	1.2847	1.2642	246.876	0.5759	0.6211	0.6161	0.6984	0.4925	0.6161	0.8106	1.0899
	b	6.4623	6.9539	7.3327	15497.6	17.5403	9.7619	24.5784	14.2308	3.6593	4.5781	9.3819	11.1683
	c	-0.0825	-0.0916	-0.1017	0.0000	0.0014	0.0036	-0.0005	-0.0108	-0.0075	-0.0005	0.0001	-0.0261
	g	0.2011	0.1845	0.1722	49.0506	-0.1928	0.6050	-0.4402	-0.2198	-0.2555	-0.4402	123.515	0.0974
	R²	0.9631	0.9529	0.9385	0.9215	0.9997	0.9992	0.9997	0.9986	0.9995	0.9997	0.9987	0.9835
	SSE	0.0173	0.0204	0.248	0.0282	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0008	0.0003	0.9997	0.0004	0.0046
	RMSE	0.0415	0.0451	0.0498	0.0531	0.0024	0.0046	0.3160	0.3153	0.0051	0.3162	0.0063	0.0214
4	a	0.8300	0.7944	0.7627	0.7446	0.4980	0.6301	0.7890	0.9129	0.8025	0.7890	0.7510	0.7390
	c	0.1270	0.1658	0.1994	0.2235	0.4811	0.34953	0.1744	0.0432	0.1461	0.1744	0.2405	0.2645
	k	0.2946	0.3074	0.3248	0.2599	0.2783	0.2873	0.3446	0.2796	0.4256	0.3446	0.1835	0.1704
	R²	0.9811	0.9818	0.9804	0.9858	0.9871	0.9919	0.9806	0.9850	0.9584	0.9806	0.9976	0.9970
	SSE	0.0101	0.0090	0.0090	0.0058	0.0024	0.0025	0.0097	0.0095	0.0222	0.9806	0.0008	0.0010
	RMSE	0.0317	0.0299	0.0300	0.0241	0.0156	0.0157	0.3162	0.3160	0.0471	0.3131	0.0092	0.0098
5	a	0.9483	0.4965	0.9487	0.9586	1.0003	1.0006	1.0007	0.9994	1.0000	1.0007	1.0024	1.0010
	b	0.0089	0.0120	0.0147	0.0146	0.0029	0.0052	-0.0075	-0.0158	-0.0168	-0.0075	0.0029	0.0141
	k	0.4987	0.4965	0.4966	0.4461	0.1926	0.2407	0.3864	0.3702	0.5265	0.3864	0.1647	0.3678
	n	0.4987	0.9496	0.4966	0.4461	0.5984	0.6803	0.5689	0.6065	0.3955	0.5689	0.8376	0.3678
	R²	0.9753	0.9748	0.9711	09586	0.9990	0.9996	0.9994	0.9995	0.9999	0.9994	0.9989	0.9960
	SSE	0.0115	0.0109	0.0117	0.0073	0.0007	0.0001	0.0032	0.0003	0.0001	0.0003	0.0003	0.0011
	RMSE	0.0340	0.0330	0.0341	0.0270	0.0021	0.0031	0.3131	0.3138	0.0018	0.0052	0.0059	0.0105
6	a	0.7910	0.7568	0.7222	0.7787	0.7788	0.7137	0.7013	0.8423	0.6667	0.7013	11655.2	9704.2
	g	2.8287	1.8518	1.5132	1.2608	0.8857	0.7651	1.4391	59.7761	3.2117	1.4391	0.1347	0.1164
	k	0.1684	0.1471	0.1298	0.1115	0.0463	0.0677	0.1429	0.2185	0.1740	0.1429	0.1347	0.1164
	R²	0.9992	0.9998	0.9998	0.9995	0.9997	0.9998	0.9996	0.9978	0.9991	0.9996	0.9745	0.9801
	SSE	0.0004	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	0.0014	0.0005	0.0002	0.0088	0.0064
	RMSE	0.0065	0.0031	0.0029	0.0046	0.0024	0.0027	0.3161	0.03161	0.0070	0.0042	0.0297	0.0252
7	a	0.1725	0.1756	0.9985	0.1572	0.1119	0.9987	0.1868	0.1463	0.9986	0.1868	0.5916	0.9983
	k	1.0613	0.9642	0.1902	0.8184	0.6117	0.1214	0.9517	1.5356	0.2595	0.9517	0.1520	0.1021
	R²	0.9884	0.9831	0.9163	0.9854	0.9350	0.8908	0.9770	0.9952	0.8886	0.9770	0.9993	0.9831
	SSE	0.0070	0.0094	0.0434	0.0068	0.0138	0.0372	0.0129	0.0034	0.0669	0.0129	0.0003	0.0061
	RMSE	0.0264	0.0307	0.0659	0.0260	0.0371	0.0610	0.3162	0.3159	0.0818	0.0359	0.0052	0.0246