Effect of Water and Nitrogen Interaction on the Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Yield of Industrial Hemp

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.08.027

Abstract

Abstract: Aim

ed at the problem of unreasonable irrigation and nitrogen application in the seed-use industrial hemp planting area, different levels of irrigation and nitrogen application were set under field conditions to discuss crop growth, SPAD value (chlorophyll content), leaf photosynthetic performance, yield and its constituent factors. The changes reveal the response mechanism of hemp seed yield to the interaction of water and nitrogen and provide a theoretical basis for determining the appropriate amount of water and nitrogen application. A two-factor four-level randomized block trial design was adopted. The four irrigation levels were set to 0 (W₀), 60 (W₁), 120 (W₂), 180 (W₃) mm, and the four nitrogen application rates were set to 0 (N₀), 225 (N₁), 450(N₂), 675(N₃) kg/hm². Both irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃) and nitrogen application (N₁, N₂, N₃) could significantly increase the plant height, stem diameter, and above-ground dry matter mass values of industrial hemp. The SPAD value was N₀< N₁< N₂<N₃, and W₀< W₁< W₂< W₃ under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer treatments, respectively. Both irrigation and nitrogen application significantly improved the photosynthetic performance of industrial hemp leaves to a certain extent. The hemp seed yield of W₃ and W₂ was significantly higher than that of W_0.The hemp seed yield of N₃ and N₂ was significantly higher than that of N_0.W₂N₂ had the highest yield, 11.25% and 22.01% higher than W₂N₀ and W₀N₀, respectively. Path analysis showed that different water and nitrogen treatments resulted in changes in branch height, stem diameter, and the number of branches, which affected the yield. Irrigation of 60 mm in the rapid growth and flowering periods, combined with 450 kg/hm² fertilization before sowing, is the best water and nitrogen supply mode for seed industrial hemp, which can save costs and increase production.

Key words: industrial hemp, irrigation, nitrogen application rate, photosynthetic performance, seed yield

CLC Number:

S563.3

GAO Jinhu, Li Chong, ZHAO Mingsen, FEN Xuping, KONG Jiaqiang, XUE Hongli, MENG Xiaokang, KANG Hongmei. Effect of Water and Nitrogen Interaction on the Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Yield of Industrial Hemp[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2021, 42(8): 2324-2333.

Figures/Tables 8

References 34

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处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height/cm	茎粗 Stem diameter/mm	地上部干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation /(kg·hm^-2)
W₀	N₀	310.33±22.37^e	14.49±4.20	0.35±0.06
	N₁	365.67±16.26^cd	20.66±1.58	0.41±0.11
	N₂	369.00±3.00^abcd	24.03±2.84	0.44±0.10
	N₃	368.33±1.53^bcd	25.19±9.41	0.45±0.11
W₁	N₀	365.67±1.53^cd	16.87±5.33	0.75±0.15
	N₁	372.33±4.04^abcd	27.71±2.09	0.77±0.17
	N₂	386.00±10.44^ab	32.38±2.74	0.82±0.26
	N₃	387.67±9.29^a	33.23±2.59	1.21±0.29
W₂	N₀	367.67±2.52^bcd	17.73±4.49	1.12±0.20
	N₁	372.67±10.69^abcd	27.55±7.27	1.17±0.06
	N₂	385.33±11.93^ab	32.66±5.32	1.25±0.05
	N₃	384.67±7.64^abc	32.50±5.03	1.24±0.14
W₃	N₀	367.00±3.00^bcd	17.70±6.01	1.15±0.18
	N₁	372.67±0.58^abcd	27.92±8.30	1.19±0.19
	N₂	384.67±7.23^abc	32.76±5.26	1.23±0.13
	N₃	386.00±15.13^ab	32.67±5.89	1.20±0.03
显著性		0.003^**	0.994^ns	0.238^ns
平均值Average
灌水量	W₀	353.33±28.55^b	21.09±6.33^b	0.41±0.09^c
	W₁	377.92±11.49^a	27.55±7.40^a	0.89±0.28^b
	W₂	377.58±11.04^a	27.61±7.94^a	1.20±0.12^a
	W₃	377.58±11.09^a	27.76±8.45^a	1.19±0.13^a
显著性		0.000^**	0.007^**	0.000^**
施氮量	N₀	352.67±27.32^c	16.70±4.53^c	0.84±0.37^b
	N₁	370.83±9.03^b	25.96±5.80^b	0.89±0.36^b
	N₂	381.25±10.57^a	30.46±5.30^a	0.94±0.37^ab
	N₃	381.67±11.59^a	30.90±6.33^a	1.03±0.38^a
显著性		0.000^**	0.000^**	0.028^*

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height/cm	茎粗 Stem diameter/mm	地上部干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation /(kg·hm^-2)
W₀	N₀	310.33±22.37^e	14.49±4.20	0.35±0.06
	N₁	365.67±16.26^cd	20.66±1.58	0.41±0.11
	N₂	369.00±3.00^abcd	24.03±2.84	0.44±0.10
	N₃	368.33±1.53^bcd	25.19±9.41	0.45±0.11
W₁	N₀	365.67±1.53^cd	16.87±5.33	0.75±0.15
	N₁	372.33±4.04^abcd	27.71±2.09	0.77±0.17
	N₂	386.00±10.44^ab	32.38±2.74	0.82±0.26
	N₃	387.67±9.29^a	33.23±2.59	1.21±0.29
W₂	N₀	367.67±2.52^bcd	17.73±4.49	1.12±0.20
	N₁	372.67±10.69^abcd	27.55±7.27	1.17±0.06
	N₂	385.33±11.93^ab	32.66±5.32	1.25±0.05
	N₃	384.67±7.64^abc	32.50±5.03	1.24±0.14
W₃	N₀	367.00±3.00^bcd	17.70±6.01	1.15±0.18
	N₁	372.67±0.58^abcd	27.92±8.30	1.19±0.19
	N₂	384.67±7.23^abc	32.76±5.26	1.23±0.13
	N₃	386.00±15.13^ab	32.67±5.89	1.20±0.03
显著性		0.003^**	0.994^ns	0.238^ns
平均值Average
灌水量	W₀	353.33±28.55^b	21.09±6.33^b	0.41±0.09^c
	W₁	377.92±11.49^a	27.55±7.40^a	0.89±0.28^b
	W₂	377.58±11.04^a	27.61±7.94^a	1.20±0.12^a
	W₃	377.58±11.09^a	27.76±8.45^a	1.19±0.13^a
显著性		0.000^**	0.007^**	0.000^**
施氮量	N₀	352.67±27.32^c	16.70±4.53^c	0.84±0.37^b
	N₁	370.83±9.03^b	25.96±5.80^b	0.89±0.36^b
	N₂	381.25±10.57^a	30.46±5.30^a	0.94±0.37^ab
	N₃	381.67±11.59^a	30.90±6.33^a	1.03±0.38^a
显著性		0.000^**	0.000^**	0.028^*

处理Treatment		净光合速率/ P_n(μmol•m^-2•s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s/(mmol•m^-2•s^-1)	细胞间隙CO₂浓度 C_i/(μmol•mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r/(mmol•m^-2•s^-1)
W₀	N₀	7.50±4.36^f	0.28±0.14^cde	299.33±53.15	3.34±0.30^e
	N₁	9.93±4.97^ef	0.38±0.38^abcde	302.67±34.59	4.32±1.75^cde
	N₂	16.20±2.82^bcd	0.44±0.14^abcde	320.33±27.43	5.23±0.09^abcde
	N₃	19.97±4.05^abc	0.46±0.26^abcde	341.00±38.97	4.53±1.76^bcde
W₁	N₀	9.90±0.40^ef	0.30±0.16^bcde	305.00±65.80	3.99±0.24^de
	N₁	13.43±1.26^de	0.41±0.14^abcde	317.33±13.65	4.62±1.06^abcde
	N₂	18.87±3.71^abcd	0.50±0.10^abcde	349.67±10.02	5.89±1.03^abcd
	N₃	20.73±1.44^abc	0.52±0.01^abcde	351.67±0.58	5.41±0.63^abcd
W₂	N₀	13.33±0.12^de	0.20±0.06^cde	315.33±57.07	4.07±0.58^cde
	N₁	15.83±3.13^bcd	0.35±0.34^abcde	318.67±52.73	5.12±0.37^abcde
	N₂	19.10±3.56^abcd	0.61±0.35^abcd	354.67±32.50	6.32±0.72^ab
	N₃	21.73±0.49^ab	0.61±0.07^abc	361.33±7.23	6.03±1.45^abc
W₃	N₀	15.53±0.90^cd	0.32±0.20^abcde	322.00±73.51	4.30±0.96^cde
	N₁	19.50±8.66^abcd	0.50±0.23^abcde	337.00±58.97	5.32±1.55^abcde
	N₂	20.47±0.12^abc	0.71±0.27^ab	370.00±0.00	6.61±0.18^a
	N₃	22.43±1.36^a	0.73±0.12^a	366.33±1.15	6.58±0.86^a
显著性		0.048^*	0.044^*	0.999^ns	0.037^**
平均值 Average
灌水量	W₀	13.02±6.35^c	0.39±0.23	315.83±38.00	4.36±1.28^b
	W₁	15.73±4.84^b	0.43±0.13	330.92±35.86	4.98±1.03^ab
	W₂	17.50±3.90^ab	0.44±0.28	337.50±42.02	5.39±1.19^a
	W₃	18.98±4.13^a	0.57±0.25	348.83±45.33	5.70±1.32^a
显著性		0.025^*	0.226^ns	0.271^ns	0.019^*
施氮量	N₀	11.57±3.75^c	0.27±0.14^b	310.42±54.41^c	3.93±0.63^c
	N₁	13.79±5.12^c	0.41±0.25^ab	318.92±39.38^bc	4.85±1.18^b
	N₂	18.66±2.98^b	0.57±0.23^a	348.67±26.46^ab	6.01±0.77^a
	N₃	21.22±2.17^a	0.58±0.16^a	355.08±19.71^a	5.64±1.34^ab
显著性		0.031^*	0.023^*	0.028^*	0.014^*

处理Treatment		净光合速率/ P_n(μmol•m^-2•s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s/(mmol•m^-2•s^-1)	细胞间隙CO₂浓度 C_i/(μmol•mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r/(mmol•m^-2•s^-1)
W₀	N₀	7.50±4.36^f	0.28±0.14^cde	299.33±53.15	3.34±0.30^e
	N₁	9.93±4.97^ef	0.38±0.38^abcde	302.67±34.59	4.32±1.75^cde
	N₂	16.20±2.82^bcd	0.44±0.14^abcde	320.33±27.43	5.23±0.09^abcde
	N₃	19.97±4.05^abc	0.46±0.26^abcde	341.00±38.97	4.53±1.76^bcde
W₁	N₀	9.90±0.40^ef	0.30±0.16^bcde	305.00±65.80	3.99±0.24^de
	N₁	13.43±1.26^de	0.41±0.14^abcde	317.33±13.65	4.62±1.06^abcde
	N₂	18.87±3.71^abcd	0.50±0.10^abcde	349.67±10.02	5.89±1.03^abcd
	N₃	20.73±1.44^abc	0.52±0.01^abcde	351.67±0.58	5.41±0.63^abcd
W₂	N₀	13.33±0.12^de	0.20±0.06^cde	315.33±57.07	4.07±0.58^cde
	N₁	15.83±3.13^bcd	0.35±0.34^abcde	318.67±52.73	5.12±0.37^abcde
	N₂	19.10±3.56^abcd	0.61±0.35^abcd	354.67±32.50	6.32±0.72^ab
	N₃	21.73±0.49^ab	0.61±0.07^abc	361.33±7.23	6.03±1.45^abc
W₃	N₀	15.53±0.90^cd	0.32±0.20^abcde	322.00±73.51	4.30±0.96^cde
	N₁	19.50±8.66^abcd	0.50±0.23^abcde	337.00±58.97	5.32±1.55^abcde
	N₂	20.47±0.12^abc	0.71±0.27^ab	370.00±0.00	6.61±0.18^a
	N₃	22.43±1.36^a	0.73±0.12^a	366.33±1.15	6.58±0.86^a
显著性		0.048^*	0.044^*	0.999^ns	0.037^**
平均值 Average
灌水量	W₀	13.02±6.35^c	0.39±0.23	315.83±38.00	4.36±1.28^b
	W₁	15.73±4.84^b	0.43±0.13	330.92±35.86	4.98±1.03^ab
	W₂	17.50±3.90^ab	0.44±0.28	337.50±42.02	5.39±1.19^a
	W₃	18.98±4.13^a	0.57±0.25	348.83±45.33	5.70±1.32^a
显著性		0.025^*	0.226^ns	0.271^ns	0.019^*
施氮量	N₀	11.57±3.75^c	0.27±0.14^b	310.42±54.41^c	3.93±0.63^c
	N₁	13.79±5.12^c	0.41±0.25^ab	318.92±39.38^bc	4.85±1.18^b
	N₂	18.66±2.98^b	0.57±0.23^a	348.67±26.46^ab	6.01±0.77^a
	N₃	21.22±2.17^a	0.58±0.16^a	355.08±19.71^a	5.64±1.34^ab
显著性		0.031^*	0.023^*	0.028^*	0.014^*

处理 Treatment				分枝数 Branching number		分枝高 Branch height/cm		千粒重 Thousand grain weight/g		籽粒产量 Seed yield/ (kg·hm^-2)
W₀		N₀		18.67±0.58		129.00±1.24		20.67±1.46		1424.13±62.37^b
		N₁		18.33±3.51		127.33±2.08		20.91±1.81		1490.93±123.83^ab
		N₂		20.33±4.73		117.33±15.53		21.04±0.52		1561.90±10.00^ab
		N₃		22.00±2.00		117.67±4.73		21.33±0.55		1614.67±116.99^ab
W₁		N₀		19.00±2.65		127.33±6.81		21.01±1.8		1432.80±245.84^b
		N₁		21.00±1.00		125.67±2.40		20.39±1.92		1502.40±318.14^ab
		N₂		21.00±5.57		117.67±6.11		21.25±1.52		1665.60±29.85^ab
		N₃		23.00±1.73		114.33±5.77		23.19±2.64		1660.67±60.70^ab
W₂		N₀		21.33±6.03		124.33±4.51		22.61±0.78		1513.30±141.14^ab
处理Treatment			分枝数 Branching number		分枝高 Branch height/cm		千粒重 Thousand grain weight/g		籽粒产量 Seed yield/(kg·hm^-2)
	N₁		23.33±3.21		120.33±5.27		22.79±0.34		1609.60±155.10^ab
	N₂		27.33±3.51		108.33±7.02		24.18±0.62		1737.60±80.55^a
	N₃		25.33±3.06		106.34±14.18		23.93±0.7		1731.33±146.24^a
W₃	N₀		22.00±2.00		121.43±3.33		21.86±0.85		1546.10±143.65^ab
	N₁		21.67±2.52		116.67±14.01		22.04±1.20		1610.13±147.98^ab
	N₂		26.67±2.08		103.33±1.53		23.32±0.87		1732.27±51.79^a
	N₃		26.00±2.00		102.33±3.21		22.13±1.84		1735.93±122.53^a
显著性			0.933^ns		0.992^ns		0.747^ns		0.047^*
平均值 Average
灌水量	W₀		19.83±3.07^b		122.83±8.96		20.99±1.07^c		1522.91±107.95^b
	W₁		21.00±3.13^b		121.08±7.24		21.46±2.03^bc		1565.37±203.26^ab
	W₂		24.33±4.23^a		114.67±10.9		23.38±0.9^a		1647.96±149.99^a
	W₃		24.08±3.00^a		110.83±10.52		22.33±1.23^ab		1656.11±134.71^a
显著性			0.048^*		0.576^ns		0.021^*		0.040^*
施氮量	N₀		20.25±3.31		125.42±4.76		21.54±1.36		1479.08±148.4^b
	N₁		21.08±3.00		122.25±7.82		21.53±1.58		1553.27±181.82^b
	N₂		23.83±4.88		111.67±10.03		22.45±1.62		1674.34±85.57^a
	N₃		24.08±2.57		110.08±9.49		22.65±1.76		1685.65±112.16^a
显著性			0.091^ns		0.673^ns		0.106^ns		0.034^*